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Duma and Soviet agree on formation of Provisional Government

Order No. 1

abdication of Nicholas II

Michael refuses the crown

early actions of Provisional Government

Soviet undermines the government

land, Constituent Assembly, and war aims

revolution spreads nationwide

ex-tsar returns to Tsarskoe Selo

extraordinary rapidity of Russia’s breakdown

PART TWO   The Bolsheviks Conquer Russia

9    Lenin and the Origins of Bolshevism

Lenin’s early years

Lenin and Social Democracy

his personality

his disenchantment with Social Democracy

emergence of Bolshevism

final split with the Mensheviks

Lenin’s agrarian and nationality programs

financial affairs of the Bolshevik party

the Malinovskii episode

Zimmerwald, Kiental, and connections with enemy agents

10    The Bolshevik Bid for Power

The Bolshevik Party in early 1917

Lenin returns to Russia with German help

Lenin’s revolutionary tactics

the April 1917 Bolshevik demonstration

socialists enter Provisional Government

Bolshevik assets in the struggle for power and German subsidies

the aborted Bolshevik street action in June

Kerensky’s summer offensive

the Bolsheviks ready another assault

preparation for putsch

the events of July 3–5

the putsch suppressed: Lenin flees, Kerensky dictator

11    The October Coup

Kornilov appointed Commander in Chief

Kerensky asks Kornilov’s help in suppressing anticipated Bolshevik coup

the break between Kerensky and Kornilov

rise in Bolshevik fortunes

Lenin in hiding

Bolsheviks plan their own Congress of Soviets

Bolsheviks take over Soviet’s Military-Revolutionary Committee

the critical decision of October 10

Milrevkom initiates coup d’état

Kerensky reacts

Bolsheviks declare Provisional Government overthrown

the Second Congress of Soviets ratifies passage of power and passes laws on peace and land

Bolshevik coup in Moscow

few aware of what had transpired

12    Building the One-Party State

Lenin’s strategy after power seizure

Lenin and Trotsky rid themselves of accountability to the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet

strike of white collar employees

the Council of People’s Commissars

accord with Left SRs and the breakup of the Peasant Congress

elections to the Constituent Assembly

decision to be rid of it

the dissolution of the Assembly

effects and implications

movement of Worker Plenipotentiaries

13    Brest-Litovsk

Bolsheviks and traditional diplomacy

German and Bolshevik approaches to talks

divisions in the Bolshevik command

initial negotiations

Trotsky at Brest

bitter divisions among Bolsheviks and the German ultimatum

Germans decide to be firm

they advance into Soviet Russia

Allied efforts to win over Bolsheviks

Moscow requests Allied help

Russians capitulate to German terms

Soviet government moves to Moscow

terms of Brest-Litovsk Treaty

first Allied landings in Russia

American reaction to Bolshevik policies

principles of Bolshevik foreign policy

14    The Revolution Internationalized

Small Western interest in Russian Revolution

foundations of Red Army laid

further talks with Allies

German embassy arrives in Moscow

Soviet embassy in Berlin and its subversive activities

the Czechoslovak rebellion

Bolsheviks adopt military conscription

Czech advances

the Kaiser decides to continue pro-Bolshevik policy

the Left SRs plot uprising

they kill Mirbach

suppression of their rebellion

Savinkovs clandestine organization

the Iaroslavl rising

Riezler fails in attempt to reorient German policy

further Allied activities on Russian soil

Bolsheviks request German intervention

Supplementary Treaty with Germany

Russians decide the Germans have lost the war

the problem of foreign “intervention

15    “War Communism”

Its origins and objectives

“Left Communists”plan implementation

attempts to abolish money

creation of Supreme Economic Council

decline of industrial productivity

decline of agricultural productivity

efforts to abolish the market and the growth of a shadow economy

anti-labor legislation

trade union policy

effects of War Communism

16    War on the Village

Bolsheviks view peasants as class enemy

what peasants gained in 1917–18 and at what cost

food requisition policies and hunger in the cities

campaign against the village begins, May 1918

food supply detachments meet with resistance: massive peasant revolt

“Committees of the Poor

assessment of the campaign

17    Murder of the Imperial Family

Russian regicide unique

the ex-tsar and family in the first months of Bolshevik rule

Ekaterinburg Bolsheviks want ex-tsar in their custody

Nicholas and Alexandra transported to Ekaterinburg

the “House of Special Designation

murder of Michael as trial baloon

Cheka fabricates rescue operation

decision to kill ex-tsar taken in Moscow: Cheka takes over guard duties

the murder

disposal of the remains