assassination of other members of the Imperial family at Alapaevsk
Moscow announces execution of Nicholas but not of family
implications of these events
18 The Red Terror
Lenin’s attitude toward terror
abolition of law
origins of the Cheka
Cheka’s conflict with the Commissariat of Justice
Lenin shot, August 30, 1918
background of this event and beginning of Lenin cult
“Red Terror” officially launched
mass murder of hostages
some Bolsheviks revolted by bloodbath
Cheka penetrates all Soviet institutions
Bolsheviks create concentration camps
victims of Red Terror
foreign reactions
Afterword
Glossary
Chronology
Notes
One Hundred Works on the Russian Revolution
About the Author
ILLUSTRATIONS
1. Lenin, March 1919. VAAP, Moscow.
2. Nicholas II and family shortly before outbreak of World War I. Brown Brothers.
3. Viacheslav Plehve.
4. Remains of Plehve’s body after terrorist attack.
5. Prince P. D. Sviatopolk-Mirskii.
6. Governor Fullon visits Father Gapon and his Assembly of Russian Workers.
7. Bloody Sunday.
8. Paul Miliukov. The Library of Congress.
9. Sergei Witte. The Library of Congress.
10. Crowds celebrating the proclamation of the Manifesto of October 17, 1905.
11. After an anti-Jewish pogrom in Rostov on Don. Courtesy of Professor Abraham Ascher.
12. Members of St. Petersburg Soviet en route to Siberian exile: 1905.
13. The future Nicholas II as tsarevich. Courtesy of Mr. Marvin Lyons.
14. Dancing class at Smolnyi Institute, c. 1910. Courtesy of Mr. Marvin Lyons.
15. Russian peasants: late nineteenth century. The Library of Congress.
16. Village assembly. Courtesy of the Board of Trustees of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
17. Peasants in winter clothing.
18. Strip farming as practiced in Central Russia, c. 1900.
19. L. Martov and T. Dan.
20. Ivan Goremykin.
21. P. A. Stolypin: 1909. M. P. Bok Papers, Bakhmeteff Archive, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
22. Right-wing Duma deputies.
23. General V. A. Sukhomlinov. The Illustrated London News.
24. Nicholas II at army headquarters: September 1914.
25. Russian prisoners of war taken by the Germans in Poland: Spring 1915. Courtesy of the Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London.
26. General A. Polivanov. VAAP, Moscow.
27. Alexandra Fedorovna and her confidante, Anna Vyrubova.
28. Alexander Protopopov.
29. Rasputin with children in his Siberian village.
30. International Women’s Day in Petrograd, February 23, 1917. VAAP, Moscow.
31. Crowds on Znamenskii Square, Petrograd. The Library of ongress.
32. Mutinous soldiers in Petrograd: February 1917. VAAP, Moscow.
33. Petrograd crowds burning emblems of the Imperial regime: February 1917. The Illustrated London News.
34. Arrest of a police informer. Courtesy of Mr. Marvin Lyons.
35. Workers toppling the statue of Alexander III in Moscow (1918).
36. Provisional Committee of the Duma. The Library of Congress.
37. Troops of the Petrograd garrison in front of the Winter Palace.
38. A sailor removing an officer’s epaulettes. VAAP, Moscow.
39. K. A. Gvozdev. Slavic and Baltic Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.
40. Soldier section of the Petrograd Soviet. The Library of Congress.
41. Executive Committee (Ispolkom) of the Petrograd Soviet. Slavic and Baltic Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.
42. Prince G. Lvov.
43. Alexander Kerensky.
44. N. D. Sokolov drafting Order No. 1: March 1, 1917.
45. Political meeting at the front: Summer 1917. Niva, No. 19 (1917).
46. Grand Duke Michael.
47. Officer candidates (iunkers) parading in Petrograd: March 1917.
48. Ex-Tsar Nicholas at Tsarskoe Selo, March 1917, under house arrest. The Library of Congress.
49. Leonid Krasin.
50. Lenin: Paris 1910.
51. Kerensky visiting the front: summer 1917. Courtesy Bakhmeteff Archive, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
52. Russian soldiers fleeing Germans: July 1917. The Daily Mirror (London).
53. The July 1917 events.
54. P. N. Pereverzev. Niva, No. 19 (1917).
55. The Palace Square in Petrograd after the suppression of the Bolshevik putsch.
56. Mutinous soldiers of the 1st Machine Gun Regiment disarmed: July 5, 1917. VAAP, Moscow.
57. Leon Trotsky.
58. General Lavr Kornilov.
59. Kornilov feted on his arrival at the Moscow State Conference.
60. Vladimir Lvov.
61. N. V. Nekrasov.
62. Soldiers of the “Wild Division” meet with the Luga Soviet.
63. The Military-Revolutionary Committee (Milrevkom).
64. Grigorii Zinoviev. Slavic and Baltic Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.
65. L. B. Kamenev. Courtesy of the Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London.
66. N. I. Podvoiskii.
67. Cadets (iunkers) defending the Winter Palace: October 1917.
68. The Winter Palace, after being seized and looted by the Bolsheviks. VAAP, Moscow.
69. The Assembly Hall in Smolnyi.
70. Cadets defending the Moscow Kremlin: November 1917. VAAP, Moscow.
71. Fires burning in Moscow during battle between loyal and Bolshevik forces: November 1917. VAAP, Moscow.
72. Iakov Sverdlov.
73. Latvians guarding Lenin’s office in Smolnyi. State Museum of the Great October Socialist Revolution, Leningrad.
74. Lenin and secretarial staff of the Council of People’s Commissars. VAAP, Moscow.
75. One of the early meetings of the Council of People’s Commissars. VAAP, Moscow.
76. Voting for the Constituent Assembly.
77. Electoral poster of the Constitutional-Democrats. Poster Collection, Hoover Institution Archives.
78. F. M. Onipko. Niva, No. 19 (1917).
79. Victor Chernov. Slavic and Baltic Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.
80. The Russian delegation arrives at Brest-Litovsk.
81. The signing of the Armistice at Brest.
82. Russian and German troops fraternizing: Winter 1917–18. Culver Pictures.
83. Kurt Riezler.
84. A. Ioffe.
85. Armored train of Czech Legion in Siberia: June 1918. Courtesy of the Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London.
86. General Gajda, Commander of the Czech Legion. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
87. Maria Spiridonova. Isaac N. Steinberg Collection, Yivo Institute for Jewish Research, New York.
88. Colonel I. Vatsetis.
89. Boris Savinkov.
90. Lieutenant-Colonel A. P. Perkhurov.
91. A German-Russian love affair: contemporary Russian cartoon.
92. Iurii Larin.
93. A common sight on the streets of Moscow and Petrograd in 1918–21. Hoover Institution Archives: Boris Sokoloff Collection.
94. A typical peasant “bourgeois-capitalist.”
95. Ipatev’s house—the “House of Special Designation.”
96. Ipatev’s house surrounded by a palisade. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
97. Alexis and Olga on board the ship Rus’.
98. The murderer of Nicholas II, Iurovskii, with his family.
99. Isaac Steinberg. Slavic and Baltic Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.