197. Ibid., 165–66.
198. Trotskii, O Lenine, 77.
199. Rech’, No. 252 (October 26, 1917), in Revoliutsiia, V, 182.
200. Revoliutsiia, V, 189.
201. Dzenis in Living Age, No. 4,049 (February 11, 1922), 331.
202. Maliantovich in Byloe, No. 12 (1918), 129–30.
203. Decision of the Ispolkom of the All-Russian Soviet of Peasants’ Deputies on October 24, in A. V. Shestakov, ed., Sovety krest’ianskikh deputatov i drugie krest’ianskie organizatsii, I, Pt. 1 (Moscow, 1929), 288.
204. Revoliutsiia, V, 182.
205. L. Trotskii, Istoriia russkoi revoliutsii, II, Pt. 2 (Berlin, 1933), 327.
206. Revoliutsiia, V, 284.
207. Oskar Anweiler, The Soviets (New York, 1974), 260–61.
208. G. Rauzans in Cina (Riga), November 7, 1987. I owe this reference to Professor Andrew Ezergailis.
209. Kotelnikov, S”ezd Sovetov, 37–38, 41–42.
210. Sukhanov, Zapiski, VII, 203.
211. Dekrety, I, 12–16.
212. Ibid., 17–20.
213. Ibid., 17–18.
214. Ibid., 20–21.
215. Sukhanov, Zapiski, VII, 266. Lenin’s offer to Trotsky: Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1870–1921 (New York-London, 1954), 325.
216. Revoliutsiia, VI, 1.
217. E. Ignatov in PR, No. 4/75 (1928), 31.
218. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 20.
219. Dekrety, I, 18.
220. Ibid., 20.
221. Ibid., 25–26.
222. Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki, 209–10.
223. Protokoly TsK, 106–7.
224. Revoliutsiia, V, 193–94; Revoliutsiia, VI, 4–5; D. A. Chugaev, ed., Triumfal’noe shestvie sovetskoi vlasti (Moscow, 1963), 500.
225. V. A. Kondratev, ed., Moskovskii Voenno-Revoliutsionnyi Komitet: Oktiabr’–Noiabr’ 1917 goda (Moscow, 1968), 22.
226. Ibid., 78.
227. Ibid., 103–4.
228. Ibid., 161.
229. Among those who have are V. Leikina in PR, No. 2/49 (1926), 185–233, No. 11/58 (1926), 234–55, and No. 12/59 (1926), 238–54, and John L. H. Keep in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 180–216.
230. L. Trotskii, Sochineniia, III, Pt. 1 (Moscow, n.d.), L.
231. Dekrety, I, 2.
232. W. Pietsch, Revolution und Staat (Köln, 1969), 68; Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 46.
233. NZh, No. 173/167 (November 5, 1917), 1.
234. NZh, No. 171/165 (November 3, 1917), 3. The French Consul, F. Grenard, reports a similar reaction in Petrograd: La Révolution Russe (Paris, 1933), 285. For the provinces, see Keep in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia, 211.
Chapter 12
1. W. Pietsch, Revolution und Staat (Köln, 1969), 140.
2. N. Sukhanov, Zapiski o revoliutsii, VII (Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow, 1923), 266.
3. R. M. Maclver, The Web of Government (New York, 1947), 123.
4. E. Frankel, The Dual State (London-New York, 1941).
5. C. C. Brinton, The Jacobins (New York, 1961).
6. K. G. Kotelnikov, ed., Vtoroi Vserossiiskii S”ezd Sovetov R. iS.D. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1928), 107.
7. Desiatyi S”ezd RKP (b), Mart 1921 goda: Stenograficheskii otchët (Moscow, 1963), 407.
8. I. Stalin, Voprosy Leninizma, nth ed. (Moscow, 1952), 126.
9. Deviatyi S”ezd RKP (b): Protokoly (Moscow, 1960), 307.
10. Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (London, 1960), 231; BSE, XI, 531.
11. Merle Fainsod, How Russia Is Ruled (Cambridge, Mass., 1963), 177.
12. Sukhanov, Zapiski, II, 244.
13. B. Avilov in NZh, No. 18/232 (January 25/February 7, 1918), 1.
14. Krasnaia gazeta, No. 7 (February 2, 1918), 4.
15. See Dokumenty stavki E. I. Pugacheva, povstancheskikh vlastei i uchrezhdenii, 1773–1774 (Moscow, 1975), 48, and R. V. Ovchinnikov, Manifesty i ukazy E. I. Pugacheva (Moscow, 1980), 122–32.
16. V. Tikhomirnov in VS, No. 27 (1918), 12.
17. Pietsch, Revolution, 77.
18. J. Bunyan and H. H. Fisher, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–18: Documents and Materials (Stanford, Calif., 1934), 277.
19. L. M[artov] in Novyi luch, No. 10/34 (January 18, 1918), 1.
20. Pietsch, Revolution, 80.
21. S. Studenikin, ed., Istoriia sovetskoi konstitutsii v dekretakh i postanovleniiakh sovetskogo pravitel’stva 1917–1936 (Moscow, 1936), 66.
22. Dekrety, I, 20.
23. A. Taniaev, Ocherki po istorii dvizheniia zheleznodorozhnikov v revoliutsii 1917 goda (Fevral’-Oktiabr’) (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925), 137–39.
24. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP (b): Avgust 1917-Fevral’ 1918 (Moscow, 1958), 271; and Revoliutsiia, VI, 21.
25. Revoliutsiia, VI, 22–23. P. Vompe’s Dni oktiabrskoi revoliutsii izheleznodorozhniki (Moscow, 1924), which is said to contain minutes of the meetings of the Union of Railroad Employees and Workers, was not available to me.
26. Protokoly TsK, 271–72. According to L. Schapiro, The Origin of the Communist Autocracy, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass., 1977), 74, the minutes of this meeting have been removed from the published protocols of the Central Committee. They can be found in L. Trotskii’s Stalinskaia shkola fal’sifikatsii (Berlin, 1932), 116–31. See also Oktiabr’skoe vooruzhënnoe vosstanie, II (Leningrad, 1967), 405–10.
27. Protokoly TsK, 126–27.
28. Trotskii, Stalinskaia shkola fal’sifikatsii, 124.
29. Izvestiia, November 4/17, 1917, cited in Protokoly TsK, 135.
30. Revoliutsiia, VI, 423–24.
31. V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Vospominaniia o Lenine (Moscow, 1969), 143.
32. A. L. Fraiman, Forpost sotsialisticheskoi revoliutsii (Leningrad, 1969), 166–67.
33. Revoliutsiia, VI, 91.
34. Fraiman, Forpost, 169.
35. Korolenko, “Protest,” in Gazeta-Protest Soiuza Russkikh Pisatelei, November 26, 1917. A copy of this paper is available at the Hoover Institution.
36. Iu. Larin in NKh, No. 11 (1918), 16–17.
37. M. P. Iroshnikov, Sozdanie sovetskogo tsentral’nogo gosudarstvennogo apparata, 2nd. ed. (Leningrad, 1967), 115; John L. H. Keep, ed., The Debate on Soviet Power (Oxford, 1979), 78–79.
38. Protokoly zasedanii Vserossiiskogo Tsentral’nogo Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta Rabochikh, Soldatskikh, Krest’ianskikh i KazachHkh Deputatov II Sozyva (Moscow, 1918), 28.