52. Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 383, 390.
53. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 677, and PSS, XXXV, 486–87.
54. Dekrety, I, 487–88; Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 339.
55. I. Steinberg, Als ich Volkskommissar war (Munich, 1929), 206–7.
56. Dekrety, I, 490–91.
57. See below, Chap. 18.
58. R. Ullman, Intervention and the War (Princeton, N.J., 1961), 74.
59. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 65.
60. Ullman, Intervention, 137–38.
61. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 607; Gen. [Henri A.] Niessel, Le Triomphe des Bolcheviks et la Paix de Brest-Litovsk: Souvenirs, 1917–1918 (Paris, 1940), 277–78.
62. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la Révolution Bolchevique (Paris, 1920), 244–45.
63. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 489.
64. Niessel, Triomphe, 279–80.
65. Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 284–85; Sadoul, Notes, 262–63; Ullman, Intervention, 81.
66. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 341–43.
67. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP (b) (Moscow, 1958), 211–18.
68. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 376–80.
69. Protokoly TsK, 219–28.
70. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 558.
71. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 385–86.
72. Ibid., 399.
73. Ibid., XXXVI, 24.
74. Niessel, Triomphe, 299.
75. Ia. Piletskii in NZh, No. 38/253 (March 9, 1918), 2; see also V. Stroev, NZh, No. 40/255 (March 12, 1918), 1.
76. See V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Pereezd V. I. Lenina v Moskvu (Moscow, 1926).
77. Hahlweg, Diktatfrieden, 51.
78. Piletskii in NZh, No. 41/256 (March 14, 1918), 1.
79. These are documented in Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 370–430, and analyzed in Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 269–75.
80. Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 275.
81. W. Baumgart in VZ, XVI, No. 2 (January 1968), 84.
82. J. Degras, Documents of Russian Foreign Policy, I (London, 1951), 56–57. Document dated March 5, 1918.
83. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 82–84.
84. Ibid., 85–86.
85. J. Noulens, Mon Ambassade en Russie Soviétique, II (Paris, 1933), 116; cf. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 161–62.
86. NZh, No. 54/269 (March 16/29, 1918), 4; D. Francis, Russia from the American Embassy (New York, 1922), 264–65. Brian Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin (London, 1988), 15–16.
87. NS, No. 23 (May 15, 1918), 2.
88. NZh, No. 54/269 (March 16/29, 1918), 4.
89. Letter dated April 12, 1918, in Sadoul, Notes, 305. On German pressure: Lenin in NS, No. 23 (May 15, 1918), 2.
90. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 3–26.
91. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 559–61, 613.
92. KPSS v rezoliutsiiakh i resheniiakh s”ezdov, konferentsii iplenumov TsK, 1898–1953, 7th ed., I (Moscow, 1953), 405; cf. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 37–38, 40.
93. George Kennan, Russia Leaves the War (Princeton, N.J., 1956), 255.
94. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 70.
95. Dekrety, I, 386–87; on this, see below, Chap. 15.
96. NKh, No. 11 (1918), 19–20.
97. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 87–88.
98. Ibid., 91–92.
99. Ibid., 89; Russian original in Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 91.
100. Noulens, Mon Ambassade, II, 34–35.
101. Izvestiia, No. 190/454 (September 4, 1918), 3.
102. See below, Chap. 14.
103. Izvestiia, No. 242/506 (November 5, 1918), 4.
104. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 331.
105. Ibid., 340.
106. Ibid., XLI, 55.
Chapter 14
1. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 245.
2. Dekrety, I, 16.
3. Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 79.
4 E. N. Gorodetskii, Rozhdenie sovetskogo gosudarstva (Moscow, 1965), 402–3; John Erickson in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 230–31.
5. M. Mayzel, An Army in Transition: The Russian High Command, October 1917–May 1918 (Tel Aviv University, 1976), in Slavic and Soviet Series, I, No. 5 (September 1976).
6. A. G. Kavtaradze, Voennye spetsialisty na sluzhbe Respubliki Sovetov, 1917–1920 gg. (Moscow, 1988), passim.
7. Gorodetskii, Rozhdenie, 399–401; Erickson in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia, 232.
8. Gorodetskii, Rozhdenie, 416.
9. Dekrety, I, 342, 356–57.
10. Dekrety, I, 588; Izvestiia, No. 17/281 (January 23, 1918), 3.
11. NZh, No. 23/237 (February 13, 1918), 1; cf. Leon Trotsky, Revolution Betrayed (New York, 1972), 210–11.
12. Lenin, PSS, XXXVIII, 139.
13. Dekrety, I, 356.
14. Ia. Kaimin, Latyshskie strelki v bor’be za pobedu Oktiabr’skoi revoliutsii (Riga, 1961), 27–37.
15. NZh, No. 112/327 (June 9, 1918), 3; Dekrety, II, 440.
16. NZh, No. 101/316 (May 28, 1918), 4.
17. I. I. Vatsetis in Pamia’, No. 2 (Paris, 1979), 44.
18. Dekrety, I, 577.
19. Ibid., 522–23; II, 63–70, 569–70; Lenin, Khronika, V, 291; Kavtaradze, Voennye spetsialisty, 72–88.
20. Dekrety, II, 63–70.
21. Gen. [Henri A.] Niessel, Le Triomphe des Bolcheviks et la Paix de Brest-Litovsk: Souvenirs, 1917–1918 (Paris, 1940), 329–30.
22. J. Noulens, Mon Ambassade en Russie Soviétique, II (Paris, 1933), 27; cf. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la Révolution Bolchevique (Paris, 1920), 274, 277; Niessel, Triomphe, 331.
23. Noulens, Mon Ambassade, II, 70–71.
24. Sadoul, Notes, 290–91. Letter dated April 6, 1918.
25. C. K. Cumming and W. W. Pettit, eds., Russian-American Relations March 1917–March 1920 (New York, 1920), 98.
26. Ibid., 100.
27. Lenin, Khronika, V, 356; Russian-American Relations, 130–31.
28. Lenin, Khronika, V, 452–53; G. Kennan, The Decision to Intervene (Princeton, N.J., 1958), 217–18; Winfried Baumgart, Deutsche Ostpolitik 1918 (Vienna-Munich, 1966), 265–66; Lenin, PSS, L, 74–75.
29. NS, No. 23 (May 15, 1918), 2.