215. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 321–22; General Ludendorff, My War Memories, II (London, n.d.), 659.
216. Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 97–100.
217. Bunyan, Intervention, 151; Protokoly VTsIK, 5-go Sozyva, 251–53.
218. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 357.
219. Ioffe in VZh, No. 5 (1919), 38.
220. Tiedemann, Sowjetrussland, 74; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 365n.
221. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 358. Soviet account of this episode in Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR, I (Moscow, 1957), 560–64.
222. SUiR, 1917–18, No. 947, 2, 207–8.
223. Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 370–71, 451–53.
224. Helfferich, Der Weltkrieg, III, 656.
225. Richard K. Debo, Revolution and Survival (Liverpool, 1979), xiii.
226. Bryan Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin (London, 1987), 7.
Chapter 15
1. Sovetskaia Istoricheskaia Entsiklopediia, III (Moscow, 1963), 600.
2. Lenin, PSS, XLIII, 220.
3. Concerning this controversy, see Paul Craig Roberts in Alienation and the Soviet Economy (University of New Mexico Press, 1971), 20–47, and S. Malle, The Economic Organization of War Communism, 1918–1921 (Cambridge, 1985), 1–23.
4. L. Trotskii, Chto takoe SSSR i kuda on idët? (Paris, n.d.), 16.
5. SUiR, No. 154, 152; No. 674, 743–46.
6. Ibid., No. 425, 397–98 and No. 420, 394–96.
7. Ibid., No. 456, 428–30.
8. On this, see my Russia under the Old Regime (New York, 1974), especially Chap. 4.
9. Cited in R. Lorenz, Anfänge der Bolschewistischen Industriepolitik (Köln, 1965), 85. See further Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism, II (Oxford, 1978), 297–304.
10. F. Pollock, Die Planwirtschaftlichen Versuche in der Sowjetunion, 1917–192J (Leipzig, 1929), 33.
11. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 307.
12. L. Trotskii, O Lenine (Moscow, 1924), 112.
13. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 307–8.
14. Ibid., XXXV, 123.
15. Iu. Larin in NKh, No. 11 (1918), 16.
16. Izvestiia, No. 229 (November 18, 1917), 3.
17. On him: Simon Liberman, Building Lenin’s Russia (Chicago, 1945), 55; NKh, No. 6 (1919), 27–32; Lorenz, Anfinge, 137–40; G. Tsyperovich, Sindikaty i tresty v dorevoliutsionnoi Rossii i v SSSR (Leningrad, 1927), 387–92.
18. See Meshcherskii’s account in NS, No. 33 (May 26, 1918), 3; Lorenz, Anfänge, 138.
19. Lorenz, Anfänge, 140; Tsyperovich, Sindikaty i tresty, 386–87.
20. NZh, No. 79/294 (April 28, 1918), 3.
21. Published in Germany as Arbeit, Disziplin und Ordnung werden die Sozialistische Sowjet-Republik Retten (Berlin, 1919).
22. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 300.
23. Ibid., 255; emphasis supplied.
24. Izvestiia, No. 76/340 (April 17, 1918), 2.
25. N. Osinskii, Stroitel’stvo sotsializma (Moscow, 1918).
26. Ibid., 46.
27. N. N. Sukhanov, Zapiski o revoliutsii, II (Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow, 1922), 239.
28. H. Taine, The French Revolution, II (New York, 1892), 13–14.
29. Cited in Malle, War Communism, 165.
30. Vosmoi S”ezd RKP (b): mart 1919 g, Protokoly (Moscow, 1959), 407–8.
31. S. Chutskaev in EZh, No. 225 (November 13, 1920), 2.
32. NKh, No. 1–2 (1920), 9.
33. EZh, No. 167 (July 31, 1920), 1.
34. E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–23, II (New York, 1952), 246.
35. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 351.
36. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXIII, 18; Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 351, omits first sentence in this citation.
37. Vosmoi S”ezd RKP (b), 407–8.
38. L. N. Iurovskii, Denezhnaia politika sovetskoi vlasti (1917–27) (Moscow, 1928), 43.
39. Dekrety, III, 454.
40. S. S. Katzenellenbaum, Russian Currency and Banking, 1914–24 (London, 1925), 74–75.
41. Dekrety, V, 189–90.
42. Iurovskii, Denezhnaia politika, 75.
43. Z. V. Atlas, Ocherki po istorii denezhnogo obrashcheniia v SSSR (1917–25) (Moscow, 1940), 58–59.
44. NKh, No. 1–2 (1920), 10.
45. Iurovskii, Denezhnaia politika, 71.
46. Ibid., 75.
47. Malle, War Communism, 164.
48. Peter Scheibert, Lenin an der Macht (Weinheim, 1984), 250.
49. Iurovskii, Denezhnaia politika, 73.
50. Katzenellenbaum, Russian Currency, 74–75.
51. Ibid., 77.
52. Deviatyi S”ezd RKP (b): Protokoly (Moscow, 1960), 426.
53. Ibid., 425.
54. Odinadtsatyi S”ezd RKP (b): Stenograficheskii Otchët (Moscow, 1961), 296.
55. Richard Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Right, 1905–1944 (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), 140–41.
56. J. Bunyan, Intervention, Civil War, and Communism in Russia 1918 (Baltimore, 1936), 406–7.
57. Dekrety, IV, 314–16, 457–61; V, 217–31.
58. NKh, No. 1–2 (1920), 8–9.
59. Lenin, Khronika, VIII, 291; cf. LS, XXIV, 95.
60. L. N. Yurovsky, Currency Problems and Policy of the Soviet Union (London, 1925), 22.
61. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 7.
62. EZh, No. 261 (November 9, 1920), 1.
63. Dekrety, 1,172–74. Its history can be found in V. Z. Drobizhev, Glavnyi shtab sotsialisticheskoi promyshlennosti (Moscow, 1966), and Tsyperovich, Sindikaty i tresty, 373–511.
64. EZh, No. 261 (November 9, 1920), 1.
65. Pollock, Planwirtschaftlichen Versuche, 80.
66. Liberman, Building, 67; A. Gurovich in ARR, VI (1922), 319.
67. Gurovich, loc. cit.
68. On him, see his autobiographical sketch in Granat, XLI, Pt. 1, 272–82, and recollections in NKh, No. 11 (1918), 16–23. Also Liberman, Building, 20–23.
69. Iu. Larin [M. Lure], Pis’ma 0 Germanii (Petrograd, n.d.).
70. See his letter in Revoliutsiia, IV, 383–84.
71. Rykov in NKh, No. io (1918), 31–32.
72. V. Miliutin, La Nationalisation de l’Industrie (Moscow, 1919), 8–9.
73. Dekrety, II, 498–503.
74. Larin in NKh, No. 11 (1918), 20; Liberman, Building, 24–26.