109. V. R. Gerasimiuk in ISSSR, No. 4 (1960), 122, 125.
110. V. N. Averev, ed., Komitety bednoty: sbornik materialov, I (Moscow-Leningrad, 1933), 120.
111. Gerasimiuk in ISSSR, No. 4 (1960), 122.
112. Averev, Komitety bednoty, I, 183.
113. E. G. Gimpel’son, Sovety v gody intervenisii i grazhdanskoi voiny (Moscow, 1968), 68.
114. Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 181.
115. Dekrety, III, 540–41.
116. Ibid., IV, 112–19.
117. Cf. Gimpel’son, Sovety, passim.
118. Ibid., 49.
119. Antonov-Saratovskii, Sovety, I, 264, 405.
120. Gimpel’son, Sovety, 54.
121. Antonov-Saratovskii, Sovety, I, 129.
122. Ibid., 439; also 264, 435.
123. L. N. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period Velikoi Russkoi Revoliutsii (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 155.
124. Bertrand Russell, Bolshevism: Practice and Theory (New York, 1920), 37.
125. J. M. Meijer in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 268.
126. LS, XVIII, 143–44.
127. E.g., speech of December 11, 1918, in Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 361.
128. RM, No. 9/12 (1923–24), 200.
129. Kabanov, Krest’ianskoe khoziaistvo, 202.
130. Shanin, Awkward Class, 164–69.
131. Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 354; emphasis supplied.
Chapter 17
1. Sverdlov addressing the Central Executive Committee (CEC) on May 9, 1918, in Protokoly zasedanii Vserossiiskogo Tsentral’nogo Ispolnitelnogo Komiteta 4-go Sozyva (Moscow, 1920), 240.
2. NV, No. 63/87 (April 2, 1918), 3.
3. Simon Liberman, Building Lenin’s Russia (Chicago, 1945), 56–57.
4. George Buchanan to A. Balfour, September 8, 1917, Public Record Office (London), F.O. 371/3015.
5. Lenin, Khronika, V, 165–66.
6. NZh, No. 43/258 (March 16, 1918), 1.
7. NZh, No. 51/266 (March 26, 1918), 3; NV, No. 73/97 (April 4, 1918), 3.
8. Lenin, PSS, XXI, 17.
9. NS, No. 1 (April 13, 1918), 2; NV, No. 73/97 (April 14, 1918), 3.
10. NVCh, No. 65 (April 22, 1918), 1.
11. A. D. Avdeev in KN, No. 5 (1928), 187.
12. G. Lefebvre, The French Revolution (New York, 1962), 270.
13. P. M. Bykov, “Poslednie dni poslednego tsaria,” in N. I. Nikolaev, ed., Rabochaia revoliutsiia na Urale (Ekaterinburg, 1921), 7.
14. P. M. Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh (Sverdlovsk, 1926), 89, 307–8; P. Bulygin, The Murder of the Romanovs (London, 1935), 203–5; N. A. Sokolov, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i (Paris, 1925), 42–43; S. P. Melgunov, Sud’ba Imperatora Nikolaia II posle otrecheniia (Paris, 1951), 276–79.
15. I. Koretskii in PR, No. 4 (1922), 13.
16. P. Gilliard, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court (New York, 1921), 257–58; Melgunov, Sud’ba, 250–58.
17. Protokoly VTsIK 4-go sozyva (Moscow, 1920), 240–41; cf. Bykov, Poslednie dni, 89, and G. Ioffe in Sovetskaia Rossiia, No. 161/9, 412 (July 12, 1987), 4.
18. G. Z. Ioffe, Krakh rossiiskoi monarkhicheskoi kontrrevoliutsii (Moscow, 1977), 148–57; also Ural, No. 7 (1988), 147–50.
19. Bykov, Poslednie dni, 90.
20. Ibid, 91.
21. Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 44.
22. Avdeev in KN, No. 5 (1928), 191.
23. Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 45.
24. Iakovlev in Izvestiia, No. 96/360 (May 16, 1918), 2.
25. Kobylinskii in Robert Wilton, The Last Days of the Romanovs (London, 1920), 206.
26. Iakovlev in Izvestiia, No. 96/360 (May 16, 1918), 2.
27. Gilliard, Thirteen Years, 260–63.
28. Bykov, Poslednie dni, 99.
29. Avdeev in KN, No. 5 (1928), 190, 193; Bykov, “Poslednie dni,” 10.
30. Isaac Don Levine, Eyewitness to History (New York, 1963), 130.
31. M. K. Kasvinov, Dvadsat’ tri stupeni v niz (Moscow, 1978), 454–55.
32. Iakovlev in RL, No. 1 (1921), 152.
33. Ibid.
34. Sokolov Archive, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Box 67, pp. 212–13.
35. Bykov, Poslednie dni, 97; this is confirmed by the tapes of the conversation between Iakovlev and Sverdlov as summarized by Ioffe in Sovetskaia Rossiia, No. 161/9,412 (July 12, 1987), 4; Iakovlev in Ural, No. 7 (1988), 162.
36. Avdeev in KN, No. 5 (1928), 195–96.
37. Bykov, Poslednie dni, 98.
38. Ibid. 100.
39. Iakovlev in Izvestiia, No. 96/360 (May 16, 1918), 2.
40. Bykov, Poslednie dni, 64–65; Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 52.
41. Bykov, “Poslednie dni,” 12.
42. Avdeev in KN, No. 5 (1928), 199–200.
43. Ibid. 197.
44. Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 124.
45. Avdeev in KN, No. 5 (1928), 203.
46. Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 129, 131.
47. Avdeev in KN, No. 5 (1928), 203; Bykov, “Poslednie dni,” 15.
48. S. S. Bekhteev, Pesni russkoi skorbi i slëz, I, (Munich, 1923), 18; Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 282. The above translation is from Bulygin, Murder, 25–26, with one minor change,
49. Trotsky’s Diary, entry for April 9, 1935, in Trotsky Archive, Houghton Library, Harvard University, bMS/Russ 13, T-3731, p. III.
50. On Grand Duke Michaeclass="underline" O. Poutianine, in Revue des Deux Mondes, XVIII (November 1, 1923), 56–78, and XVIII (November 15, 1923), 290–310; G.B. in Rul’, No. 2472 (January 13, 1929), 5.
51. Poutianine in Revue, 309–10, based on an account of Michael’s valet as told to a Swiss acquaintance; see also Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 265–66.
52. Bykov, Poslednie dni, 121; Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 266.
53. Melgunov, Sud’ba, 388.
54. NZh, No. 120/335 (June 22, 1918); 3; NV, No. 96/120 (June 19,1918), 2; NVCh, No. 93 (June 19, 1918), 1. For reports abroad, see New York Times, July 1, 1918, 5, and The Times, July 3, 1918, 6.
55. NS, No. 48 (June 19,1918) (not available to me), as reported in NV, No. 97/121 (June 29,1918), 3; cf. Lenin, Khronika, V, 552.
56. NV, No. 100/124 (June 23, 1918), 2.
57. M. K. Diterikhs, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i i chlenov doma Romanovykh na Urale, I (Vladivostok, 1922), 61.
58. Avdeev in KN, No. 5 (1928), 202. Avdeev mistakenly identifies him as an Austrian.