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59. Bykov, “Poslednie dni,” 17–18.

60. Serge Smirnoff, Autour de l’ Assassinat des Grand-Ducs (Paris, 1928), 14–15,114n., 92–93, 104, 143. Bykov (“Poslednie dni,” 18) confirms that Smirnoff was arrested with Mičič (whom he mistakenly calls “Migich”).

61. Rodina, No. 4 (1989), 95.

62. Avdeev in KN, No. 5 (1928), 202.

63. Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 147.

64. Trotsky’s Diary, loc. cit., p. III, entry dated April 9, 1935.

65. Bykov, Poslednie dni, 106.

66. Dekrety, III, 22.

67. Ibid. 21–22; SUiR, No. 583, 611–12.

68. Sokolov Archive, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Box 7.

69. Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 138.

70. Ibid; Wilton, The Last Days, 82.

71. Lenin, Khronika, V, 580, 616.

72. Kasvinov, Dvadsal’ tri stupeni, 489; Bykov, Poslednie dni, 114.

73. Bykov, “Poslednie dni,” 20.

74. F. McCullagh in Nineteenth Century and After, No. 123 (September 1920), 417.

75. Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 230–38; Ogonëk, No. 21 (1989), 30–32.

76. Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 224–29.

77. Ogonëk, No. 21 (1989), 30.

78. Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 232.

79. Ibid, 219.

80. Ibid., 222–23.

81. Ibid., 254.

82. Ogonëk, No. 21 (1989), 30–31.

83. Deposition of P. V. Kukhtenko in Sokolov Dossier I, dated September 8, 1918; omission in the original.

84. Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 261.

85. Bulygin, Murder, 256.

86. K. Jagow in BM, No. 5 (May 1935), 932.

87. Winfried Baumgart, Deutsche Ostpolitik 1918 (Vienna-Munich, 1966), 337, note 13.

88. Jagow in BM, 393.

89. Lenin, Khronika, V, 642.

90. Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 247–49.

91. Dekrety, III, 57–58.

92. V. Miliutin in Prozhektor, No. 4 (1924), 10.

93. Jagow in BM, 398.

94. Ibid., 399; Karl von Bothmer, Mit Graf Mirbach in Moskau (Tübingen, 1922), 103.

95. Jagow in BM, 400.

96. Bulygin, Murder, 244.

97. Sokolov, Ubiistvo, 246, 252–53.

98. Bykov, Poslednie dni, 113.

99. Sokolov Archive, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Box 1, No. 67, 212–13.

100. R. H. B. Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent (London, 1935), 304.

101. Bothmer, Mit Graf Mirbach, 98. 100.

102. Cited in Levine, Eyewitness, 137.

103. A. L. Okninskii, Dva goda sredi krest’ian (Riga, n.d.), 292–93.

104. Smirnoff, Autour, 142.

105. P. Paganutstsi, Pravda ob ubiistve tsarskoi sem’i (Jordanville, N.J., 1981), 29–30.

106. Bykov, “Poslednie dni,” 3–26.

107. Pravda, No. 212/7,537 (August 3, 1938), 5; G. Riabov in Rodina, No. 5 (1989), 2, 12.

108. Leninskaia Gvardiia Urala (Sverdlovsk, 1967), 508; Kasvinov, Dvadsat’ tri stupeni, 560, note 11.

109. Trotsky’s Diary, entry for April 9, 1935, in Trotsky Archive, Houghton Library, Harvard University, bMS/Russ 13, T-3731, p. III.

Chapter 18

1. Marx-Engels Briefwechsel, IV (1913), 329; letter dated September 4, 1870.

2. F. Furet and D. Richet, La Révolution Française (Paris, 1973), 10, 203.

3. A. Balabanoff, My Life as a Rebel (Bloomington, Ind., 1973), 183–84.

4. See above, p. 349.

5. Lenin, PSS, XVI, 452; emphasis supplied.

6. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 204; first published in 1929; emphasis supplied.

7. Andrzej Kaminski, Konzentrationslager 1896 bis heute: eine Analyse (Stuttgart, 1982), 86.

8. K. G. Kotelnikov, ed., Vtoroi Vserossiiskii S”ezd R. i S.D. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1928), 94.

9. L. Trotskii, O Lenine (Moscow, 1924), 101.

10. Lenin, PSS, XXXVIII, 295. Emphasis supplied.

11. DN, No. 223 (December 3, 1917), 4.

12. Dekrety, I, 490–91.

13. Robert Payne, The Life and Death of Lenin (New York, 1964), 517.

14. Simon Liberman, Building Lenin’s Russia (Chicago, 1945), 13–15.

15. Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 245.

16. “Revoliutsionnye Tribunaly,” VZh, No. 1 (1918), 81.

17. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 163.

18. Dekrety, I, 124–26.

19. Ibid. 469.

20. Ibid., IV, 101.

21. Ibid., I, 125–26.

22. SUiR, I, No. 12 (1917–18), 179–81.

23. Dekrety, II, 335–39.

24. Izvestiia, No. 128/392 (June 23, 1918), 3.

25. M. V. Kozhevnikov, Istoriia sovetskogo suda, 1917-56 gg. (Moscow, 1957), 40.

26. Ibid.

27. I. Steinberg, Als ich Volkskommissar war (Munich, 1929), 123–28.

28. S. Varshavskii in NS, No. 4 (April 17, 1918), 1.

29. SiM, No. 6 (1985), 65.

30. NS, No. 4 (April 17, 1918), 1.

31. Ia. Berman in PRiP, No. 1/11 (1919), 70.

32. Kozhevnikov, Istoriia, 83.

33. PR, No. 10/33 (1924), 5–6; PR, No. 9/56 (1926), 82–83; V. I Lenin i VChK: Sbornik Dokumentov (Moscow, 1975), 36—38.

34. Izvestiia, No. 248 (December 10/23, 1917), 3.

35. Lenin i VChK, 36–37.

36. PR, No. 10/33 (1924); 5; M. Pokrovskii in Pravda, No. 290/3,822 (December 18, 1927), 2.

37. N. V. Krylenko, Sudoproizvodstvo RFSSR (Moscow, 1924), 100, cited in G. Leggett, The Cheka: Lenin’s Political Police (Oxford, 1986), 18.

38. NZh, No. 71/286 (April 19, 1918), 3.

39. P. G. Sofinov, Ocherki istorii Vserossiiskoi Chrezvychainoi Komissii (1917-22 gg.) (Moscow, 1960), 21. The higher figure is from Leggett, Cheka, 34.

40. la. Kh. Peters in PR, No. 10/33 (1924), 10–11.

41. I. Steinberg, In the Workshop of the Revolution (London, 1955), 145.

42. R. H. B. Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent (London, 1935), 333.

43. NZh, No. 112/327 (June 9, 1918), 4.

44. L. Gerson, The Secret Police in Lenin’s Russia (Philadelphia, 1976), 27; Leggett, Cheka, 47–48.

45. LS, XXI, 111–12.

46. Ibid., 112–13.

47. Ibid., 113–14.

48. Gerson, Secret Police, 30.

49. Sofinov, Ocherki, 23.

50. D. L. Golinkov, Krushenie antisovetskogo podpol’ia v SSSR, I (Moscow, 1980), 62.