51. Dekrety, I, 490–91.
52. Izvestiia, No. 32/296 (February 10/23, 1918), 1.
53. Iz istorii Vserossiiskoi Chrezvychainoi Komissii, 1917–1921 gg. (Moscow, 1958), 96–98.
54. Leggett, Cheka, 58; details in IR, No. 7/300 (February 7, 1931), 6–9.
55. Sofinov, Ocherki, 39.
56. Iz istorii VChK, 138. Other important resolutions in Leggett, Cheka, 38–39.
57. Lockhart, Memoirs, 320.
58. G. Semenov [Vasilev], Voennaia i boevaia rabota Partii Sotsialistov-Revoliutsionerov za 1917–18 gg. (Berlin, 1922).
59. Balabanoff, Life as a Rebel, 187–88.
60. V. Bonch-Bruevich, Tri pokusheniia na V. I. Lenina (Moscow, 1930), 98.
61. N. N. Sukhanov, Zapiski o revoliutsii, III (Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow, 1922), 23, 26.
62. LN, LXXX (1971), 52.
63. Richard Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime (New York, 1974), 309; Iz istorii VChK, 263–64.
64. Liberman, Building, 9.
65. J. Monnerot, Sociology and Psychology of Communism (Boston, 1953), 223.
66. See L. V. Bulgakova, Materialy dlia bibliografii Lenina, 1917–23 (Leningrad, 1924).
67. Cf. Izvestiia, No. 190/454 (September 4, 1918), 6–7.
68. V. Bonch-Bruevich, Tri pokusheniia na V. I. Lenina (Moscow, 1930), 103.
69. G. Zinoviev cited in Nina Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! (Cambridge, Mass., 1983), 82; L. Cerfaux and J. Tondriau, Le Culte des Souverains dans la Civilisation Gréco-Romaine (Tournai, 1957), 291.
70. For examples, see Tumarkin, Lenin, 83–86.
71. Cerfaux and Tondriau, Le Culte, 427.
72. W. S. Ferguson in The Cambridge Ancient History, VII (Cambridge, 1928), 21.
73. Melgunov Archive, Hoover Institution, Box 4, Folder 26.
74. Ibid.
75. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 196.
76. Ibid., L, 106.
77. Ibid., 142.
78. Izvestiia, No. 134/398 (June 30, 1918), 3.
79. Ibid., No. 181/445 (August 23, 1918), 2.
80. Ibid., No. 190/454 (September 4, 1918), 5.
81. Dekrety, III, 291–92.
82. See, for instance, Chap. 16 above.
83. SUiR, I (1917–18), 777.
84. Izvestiia, No. 189/453 (September 3, 1918), 4.
85. Ibid.
86. Ezhenedel’nik VChK, No. 2 (September 29, 1918), 11.
87. Severnaia kommuna, No. 109 (September 19, 1918), 2, cited in Leggett, Cheka, 114.
88. Krasnaia gazeta, September 1, 1918, cited in Leggett, Cheka, 108.
89. Karl Radek in Izvestiia, No. 192/456 (September 6, 1918), 1.
90. Grigorii Aronson, Na zare krasnogo terrora (Berlin, 1929), 56.
91. Cheka i materialy po deiatel’nosti Chrezvychainykh Komissii (Berlin, 1922), 80.
92. Steinberg, In the Workshop, 163; Aronson, Na zare, 27. 71.
93. See above, Chap. 12.
94. Steinberg, In the Workshop, 227.
95. IR, No. 9/302 (February 21, 1931), 8–9.
96. Melgunov Archive, Hoover Institution, Box 4, Folder 26, pp. 9–10.
97. NChS (Berlin-Prague), No. 9 (1925), 111–41.
98. D. Venner, Histoire de l’Armée Rouge (Paris, 1981), 141.
99. Zinoviev in Ezhenedel’nik VChK, No. 6 (October 27,1918), 21; K. Alinin in Cheka (Odessa, 1919), 3. Further on fears of the Cheka in Bolshevik ranks: Alfons Paquet, Im kommunistischen Russland (Jena, 1919), 124–25.
100. Pravda, No. 216 (October 8, 1918), 1.
101. Petrogradskaia Pravda, No. 237/463 (October 29, 1918), 1.
102. Golinkov, Krushenie, I, 232.
103. Ezhenedel’nik VChK, No. 3 (October 6, 1918), 7–8.
104. Vechernye Izvestiia, No. 161 (February 3, 1919).
105. N. Moskovskii in Petrogradskaia Pravda, No. 237/463 (October 29, 1918), 1.
106. N. Zubov, F. E. Dzerzhinskii: Biografiia, 3rd ed. (Moscow, 1971), 80–81.
107. Cited by Krylenko in Izvestiia, No. 25/577 (February 4, 1919), 1.
108. E.g., G. Moroz in VS, No. 11 (1919), 4–6, and Zinoviev in Ezhenedel’nik VChK, No. 6 (October 27, 1918), 10.
109. Leggett, Cheka, 69.
110. Kievskie Izvestiia, No. 44 (May 17, 1919).
111. Dekrety, III, 458–59.
112. Golinkov, Krushenie, I, 232.
113. Izvestiia, No. 17/569 (January 25, 1919), 3.
114. Vechernye Izvestiia, No. 159 (January 31,1919); cf. Krylenko in Izvestiia, No. 25/577 (February 4, 1919), 1.
115. Lenin i VChK, 144–45.
116. E.g., N. Norov in Vechernye Izvestiia, No. 172 (February 15, 1919).
117. N. V. Krylenko, Sud i pravo v SSSR, cited in Melgunov Archive, Hoover Institution, Box 4, Folder 25.
118. Leggett, Cheka, 216.
119. IA, No. 1 (1958), 8–9.
120. I. Polikarenko, ed., Osoboe zadanie (Moscow, 1977), illustration between pp. 296 and 297.
121. Leggett, Cheka, 208–9, 238.
122. Liberman, Building, 14–15.
123. Leggett, Cheka, 93.
124. Ibid., 210.
125. Ibid., 212–13.
126. L. Trotskii in Izvestiia, No. 171 (August 11, 1918), 1.
127. IA, No. 1 (1958), 10.
128. Dekrety, IV, 400–2.
129. Ibid. V, 69–70.
130. Ibid., 174–81.
131. D. J. Dallin and B. I. Nicolaevsky, Forced Labor in Soviet Russia (New Haven, Conn., 1947), 299.
132. Dekrety, V, 511–12.
133. Kaminski, Konzentrationslager, 87.
134. A. Solzhenitsyn cited in Kaminski, Konzentrationslager, 87. See further James Bunyan, The Origin of Forced Labor in the Soviet State: 1917–1921 (Baltimore, 1967).
135. Cheka i materialy, 242–47.
136. Kaminski, Konzentrationslager, 82–83.
137. Boris Nikolaevskii in SV, No. 8–9/732–733 (1959), 167–72; G. H. Leggett in Survey, No. 2/107 (1979), 193–99.
138. Leggett, Cheka, 464; M. la. Latsis, Dva goda bor’by na vnutrennem fronte (Moscow, 1920), 75.
139. Otchët Tsentral’nogo Upravleniia Chrezvychainykh Komissii pri Sovnarkome Ukrainy za 1929 138. god (Kharkov, 1921), in W. H. Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution, 1917–21, II (New York, 1935), 75.
140. Lower figure in K. Alinin, Tche-Ka (London, n.d.), 65, higher in Leggett, Cheka, 464.
141. Chamberlin, Revolution, II, 75; Leggett, Cheka, 359.