100. Feliks Dzerzhinskii.
101. Fannie Kaplan. David King Collection, London.
102. Dzerzhinskii and Stalin.
MAPS
Russian Empire circa 1900
European Russia
Petrograd
German Advance into Russia, 1917–1918
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In the course of working on this book I have benefited from the generous support of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Smith Richardson Foundation, to which I would like to express my warm appreciation. I am also grateful to the Hoover Institution at Stanford, California, for giving me access to its unrivaled collections.
ABBREVIATIONS
ARR
Arkhiv russkoi revoliutsii
BK
Bor’ba klassov
BM
Berliner Monatshefte
Brogkauz & Efron
Entsiklopedicheskii Slovar’ Ob-va Brogkauz i Efron
, 41 vols.
BSE
Bol’shaia sovetskaia entsiklopediia
, 65 vols.
Dekrety
Dekrety sovetskoi vlasti
, 11 vols. (Moscow, 1957– )
DN
Delo naroda
EV
Ekonomicheskii vestnik
EZh
Ekonomicheskaia zhizn’
Forschungen
Forschungen zur Osteuropäischen Geschichte
GM
Golos minuvshego
Granat
Entsiklopedicheskii Slovar’ Tov-va Granat
, 55 vols.
IA
Istoricheskii arkhiv
IM
Istorik Marksist
IR
Illustrirovannaia Rossiia
ISSSR
Istoriia SSSR
IV
Istoricheskii vestnik
IZ
Istoricheskie zapiski
Jahrbücher
Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
KA
Krasnyi arkhiv
KL
Krasnaia letopis’
KN
Krasnaia nov’
Lenin,
Khronika
V. I. Lenin:
Biograficheskaia Khronika, 1870–1924
, 13 vols.
(Moscow, 1970–85)
Lenin,
PSS
V. I. Lenin,
Polnoe Sobranie sochinenii
, 5th ed. 55 vols.
(Moscow, 1958–65)
Lenin,
Sochineniia
V. I. Lenin, Sochineniia
, 3rd ed., 30 vols.
(Moscow-Leningrad, 1927–33)
LN
Literaturnoe nasledstvo
LS
Leninskii sbornik
MG
Minuvshie gody
NChS
Na chuzhoi storone
ND
Novyi den’
NKh
Narodnoe khoziaistvo
NoV
Novoe vremia
NS
Nashe slovo
NV
Nash vek
NVCh
Novyi vechernyi chas
NZ
Die Neue Zeit
NZh
Novaia zhizn’
OD
L. Martov
et al
, eds.,
Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii v
nachale XX veka
, 4 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1910–14)
Padenie
P. E. Shcheglovitov, ed.,
Padenie tsarskogo rezhima
, 7 vols.
(Leningrad, 1924–27)
PN
Poslednie novosti
PR
Proletarskaia revoliutsiia
PRiP
Proletarskaia revoliutsiia i pravo
Revoliutsiia
N. Avdeev
et al., Revoliutsiia 1917 goda:
khronika sobytii
, 6 vols. (Moscow, 1923–30)
RL
Russkaia letopis’
RM
Russkaia mysl’
RR
Russian Review
RS
Russkoe slovo
RV
Russkie vedomosti
RZ
Russkie zapiski
SB
Staryi Bol’shevik
SD
Sotsial-Demokrat
SiM
Strana i mir
SR
Slavic Review
SS
Soviet Studies
SUiR
Sobranie uzakonenii i rasporiazhenii
SV
Sotsialisticheskii vestnik
SZ
Sovremennye zapiski
VCh
Vechernyi chas
VE
Vestnik Evropy
VI
Voprosy istorii
VIKPSS
Voprosy istorii KPSS
VO
Vechernye ogni
VS
Vlast’ sovetov
VZ
Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte
VZh
Vestnik zhizni
ZhS
Zhivoe slovo
INTRODUCTION
This book is the first attempt in any language to present a comprehensive view of the Russian Revolution, arguably the most important event of the century. There is no shortage of surveys of the subject, but they concentrate on the political and military struggles for power over Russia between 1917 and 1920. Seen from the perspective of time, however, the Russian Revolution was a great deal more than a contest for power in one country: what the victors in that contest had in mind was defined by one of its leading protagonists, Leon Trotsky, as no less than “overturning the world.” By that was meant a complete redesign of state, society, economy, and culture all over the world for the ultimate purpose of creating a new human being.