pulling one cart Secret History, §§ 186, 200.
“Whoever can keep a house in order” Rashid al-Din, Rashiduddin Fazullah’s Jami’u’t-Tawarikh.
Ogodei summoned the wrestler Ibid.
“The dragon who growls in the blue clouds” Walther Heissig “A Contribution to the Knowledge of Eastmongolian Folkpoetry,” Folklore Studies 9 (1950): 161.
“intercessors” Secret History, § 64.
Urug also has the extended meaning of “seed,” since the Mongols considered seed as the womb of a plant.
“It happened … as wide as a lake” Secret History, § 254.
“My wives, daughters-in-law, and daughters are as colorful” Rashid al-Din, Rashiduddin Fazullah’s Jami’u’t-Tawarikh.
“After Genghis Khan had tested his sons”: Ibid.
CHAPTER 3
Genghis Khan accepted the Oirat Igor de Rachewiltz, The Secret History of the Mongols (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2004), § 239.
Checheyigen was also recorded as Tsetseikhen.
“Because you are the daughter” and related quotes to Checheyigen: George Qingzhi Zhao, Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression: Mongolian Royal Marriages from World Empire to Yuan Dynasty (New York: Peter Lang, 2008).
“queens as our shields” Secret History, § 64.
“You should be determined” Zhao, Marriage as Political Strategy.
“Although many people can” Ibid.
white felt rug Hansgerd Göckenjan and James R. Sweeney, Der Mongolensturm: Berichte von Augenzeugen und Zeitgenossen 1235–1250 (Graz, Austria: Verlag Styria, 1985).
The mother’s blood Alena Oberfalzová, Metaphors and Nomad, translated by Derek Paton (Prague: Charles University, 2006).
pail of milk Ibid.
“It seemed to me as though the sky” Rashid al-Din, Rashiduddin Fazullah’s Jami’u’t-Tawarikh: Compendium of Chronicles, translated by W. M. Thackson (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Department of Eastern Languages and Civilizations, 1998).
“fifth son” Secret History, § 238.
a slave into a noble Rashid al-Din, Rashiduddin Fazullah’s Jami’u’t-Tawarikh.
“Whereas, by the Protection of Eternal Heaven” Francis Woodman Cleaves, “The Sino-Mongolian Inscription of 1362 in Memory of Prince Hindu,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 12, no. ½ (June 1949): 31.
Her nation was her first husband Zhao, Marriage as Political Strategy.
“The area has no rain or snow” D. Sinor, Geng Shimin, and Y. I. Kychanov, “The Uighurs, Kyrgyz and the Tangut (Eighth to the Thirteenth Century),” in History of Civilizations of Central Asia, vol. 4, edited by M. S. Asimov and C. E. Bosworth (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1999).
excavations have uncovered Adam T. Kessler, Empires Beyond the Great Walclass="underline" The Heritage of Genghis Khan (Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 1993).
Karluk are also known as Qarlu-ut, Qarluq, and Karluqs.
“How can he be called Arlsan Khan?” Rashid al-Din, Rashiduddin Fazullah’s Jami’u’t-Tawarikh.
Tolai B. Baljinnyam, Mongolchhuudin Buren Tuukhiin Tovchoon, vol. 1 (Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: Admon, 2006).
CHAPTER 4
killing of Ala-Qush Rashid al-Din, Rashiduddin Fazullah’s Jami’u’t-Tawarikh: Compendium of Chronicles, translated by W. M. Thackson (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Department of Eastern Languages and Civilizations, 1998).
Jingue is also referred to as Zhenguo, Jinkhuu, or Jinkhui.
“He recognized no business but merrymaking” Ata-Malik Juvaini, Genghis Khan: The History of the World-Conqueror, translated by J. Boyle (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997).
“The demon of temptation” Ibid.
Tokuchar Ebülgâzî Bahadir Han, The Shajrat Ul Atrak: Or, Genealogical Tree of the Turks and Tatars, translated by William Miles (London: Wm. H. Allen, 1838).
“She left no trace” Ghiyas ad-Din Muhammad Khwandamir, Khwandamir Habibu’s Siyar: The Reign of the Mongol and the Turk, translated by W. M. Thackson (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, 1994).
“In the exaction of vengeance … rose gardens became furnaces” Juvaini, Genghis Khan.
“rhetorically ornate rhyming words” Rashid al-Din, Rashiduddin Fazullah’s Jami’u’t-Tawarikh.
Genghis Khan then gave the precocious Boyaohe Namio Egami, “Olon-Sume: The Remains of the Royal Capital of the Yuan-Period Ongut Tribe,” Orient: The Reports of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 30/31 (1995): 2.
“always obtain to wife” Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition, vol. 1, translated by Henry Yule (New York: Dover, 1993).
“My people of the Five Colors and Four Foreign Lands” Charles Bawden, trans., The Mongol Chronicle Altan Tobŭi (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrossowitz, 1955), § 43.
“water in the desert” Altan Tobŭi, § 46.
“I leave you … one soul” François Pétis de la Croix, The History of Gengizcan the Great (Calcutta, 1816).
His four dowager queens controlled the territory Hidehiro Okada, “Mongol Chronicles and Chinggisid Genealogies,” Journal of Asian and African Studies 27 (1984): 147.
PART II
“As the age declined” Hidehiro Okada, “Dayan Khan as Yüan Emperor: The Political Legitimacy in 15th Century Mongolia,” Bulletin de l’Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient 81 (1994): 51.
CHAPTER 5
Oirat girls Rashid al-Din, Rashiduddin Fazullah’s Jami’u’t-Tawarikh: Compendium of Chronicles, translated by W. M. Thackson (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Department of Eastern Languages and Civilizations, 1998). Rashid al-Din identifies the girls as Oirat, but Juvaini (Genghis Khan: The History of the World-Conqueror, translated by J. Boyle [Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997]) leaves the name of the tribe blank. The Secret History (Igor de Rachewiltz, trans., The Secret History of the Mongols [Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2004]) identifies them as belonging to Uncle Otchigen, but Ogodei would hardly have been seeking to marry the women of his own patrilineage.
“Because they had jeered at the Mongols” Rashid al-Din, The Successors of Genghis Khan, translated by John Andrew Boyle (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971). 90 “star-like maidens” Juvaini, Genghis Khan.