He was buried… “stirring up sedition and strife” Ibid.
Novel Walther Heissig, “Tracing Some Oral Mongol Motifs in a Chinese Prosimetric Ming Novel of 1478,” Asian Folklore Studies 53 (1996): 238. The novel was titled Hua Guan Suo zhuan (The Story of Hua Guan Suo).
“When our great ancestor” Hidehiro Okada, “Dayan Khan as Yüan Emperor: The Political Legitimacy in 15th Century Mongolia,” Bulletin de l’Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient 81 (1994): 51.
Divine Demon Dancing Girls … “place full of obscenity” George Qingzhi Zhao, Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression (New York: Peter Lang, 2008).
Erdeni-yin Tobci Geschichte der Ost-Mongolen und ihres Fürstenhauses, verfasst von Ssanang Ssetsen Chungtaidschi der Ordus, translated by Isaac Jacob Schmidt (Saint Petersburg, Russia, 1820).
CHAPTER 7
Altan Tobci The version most often used in this book is the bilingual Mongolian-English edition, Charles Bawden, trans., The Mongol Chronicle Altan Tobŭi (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1955).
Erdeni-yin Tobci The version most often used in this book is the bilingual Mongolian-German edition prepared by command of the Russian tsar Alexander II in 1827 and published two years later as the first Mongolian book translated into a European language. Geschichte der Ost-Mongolen und ihres Fürstenhauses, verfasst von Ssanang Ssetsen Chungtaidschi der Ordus, translated by Isaac Jacob Schmidt (Saint Petersburg, Russia, 1829).
killed the last ruling descendant of Khubilai Khan Hidehiro Okada, “Mongol Chronicles and Chinggisid Genealogies,” Journal of Asian and African Studies 27 (1984): 151.
the ceremony Rashid al-Din, Rashiduddin Fazullah’s Jami’u’t- Tawarikh: Compendium of Chronicles, translated by W. M. Thackson (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Department of Eastern Languages and Civilizations, 1998).
“She is the wife of your son” The Altan Tobŭi identifies her as the son’s wife, but the Erdene-yin Tobŭi identifies her as the wife of Elbeg’s brother. The two accounts are not necessarily in disagreement since “son” and “younger brother” are often used interchangeably for junior males in the same clan. The account here combines the two texts.
friendly access to senior women Lawrence Krader, Social Organization of the Mongol-Turkic Pastoral Nomads (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1963).
Even to bring milk Hidehiro Okada, “Outer Mongolia in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” Journal of Asian and African Studies 5 (1972): 70.
dead rabbit In a Tibetan chronicle, the source of the khan’s problem is a monkey spirit that then led him astray. The story was presented seemingly as an excuse to denounce women and the men who love them. Georg Huth, trans., Geschichte des Buddhismus in der Mongolei: Aus dem Tibetischen des Jigs-med nam-mk’a (Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner, 1892).
“when a khan behaves like a commoner” Hidehiro Okada, “The Bilig Literature in Chinggis Qaran-u Cadig,” Mongolica 6 (1995): 459.
Elbeg Khan was about to commit a crime … The turmoil resulting from the Great Khan’s terrible deeds The quotes combine the accounts given in the Altan Tobŭi § 3–65, and the Erdeni-yin Tobŭi.
“It is told” W. M. Thackson, trans., Mirza Haydar Dughlat’s Tarikh-I-Rashide: A History of the Khans of Moghulistan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, 1996).
important titles Frederick W. Mote, “The T’u-mu Incident of 1449,” Chinese Ways in Warfare, edited by Frank A. Kierman Jr. and John K. Fairbank (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974).
“If it is a girl… It is a girl.” Altan Tobŭi § 95.
“Do you already begin to fear” Henry H. Howorth, History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century (London: Longmans, Green, 1876).
“dragged his body up into a tree” Ibid. The killing of Esen was placed in the year 1452 in Erdeni-yin Tobŭi, but in 1454 in the Ming records.
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Beg-Arslan was also known as Begerisün, Birirsen, Begersen, Begersün, Bigirsen, and Pai-chia-ssu-lan.
He “stayed absent from” her Charles Bawden, trans., The Mongol Chronicle Altan Tobŭi (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1955), § 93.
“elder brother” Altan Tobŭi, § 85.
deel embroidered with gold Ibid., § 100.
“If I receive” Igor de Rachewiltz, trans., The Secret History of the Mongols (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2004), § 238.
“In the blue sky” Quote adapted from the translation of Gombojab Hangin, “The Mongolian Titles Jinong and Sigejin,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 100 (1980): 256.
“in peace and harmony” Erdeni-yin Tobci as compiled by Isaac Jacob Schmidt in Geschichte der Ost-Mongolen und ihres Fürstenhauses, verfasst von Ssanang Ssetsen Chungtaidschi der Ordus (Saint Petersburg, Russia, 1829).
“They declared themselves sworn friends and loved each other” Secret History, § 117.
disguised as Mongol bandits Frederick W. Mote, “The Ch’eng-hua and Hung-chih Reigns, 1465–1505,” in The Cambridge History of China, vol. 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part I, edited by Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
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“They marry by succession their stepmothers” Henry Serruys, The Mongols and Ming China: Customs and History (London: Variourum Reprints, 1987).
“The houses of the Tartars” Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1910).
female in-law had a senior position Lawrence Krader, Social Organization of the Mongol-Turkic Pastoral Nomads (Blooming-ton: Indiana University Press, 1963).
Ismayil confronted the Great Khan Erdeni-yin Tobci.
“I myself am not in good health … the khan became enraged” Charles Bawden, trans., The Mongol Chronicle Altan Tobŭi (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1955), § 98.
Jamuka Igor de Rachewiltz, trans., The Secret History of the Mongols (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2004), § 201.
“Have I enmity towards your kin?” Altan Tobŭi, § 98.
the prince began to style himself as the Great Khan Chinese reports assert that Bayan Mongke claimed the title of Bayan Mongke Khan this time rather than Bolkhu Jinong, but few people recognized the young man’s change of title. According to the Erdeni-yin Tobci, he held the title for two years, but Mongolian lists of Great Khans rarely include his name.
that he might escape Altan Tobŭi, §§ 99–100.