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26. Konrad Lorenz, King Solomon’s Ring, trans. Marjorie Kerr Wilson (London: Methuen, 1961).
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29. J. Werker, ‘Becoming a native listener’, American Scientist, 77 (1989), 54–69.
30. The ‘Mozart effect’ is the claim popularized by Don Campbell in his 1997 book (The Mozart Effect: Tapping the Power of Music to Heal the Body, Strengthen the Mind, and Unlock the Creative Spirit) that listening to classical music increases your IQ. Such was the power of this disputed claim that Zell Miller, the governor of Georgia, announced that his proposed state budget would include $105,000 a year to provide every child born in Georgia with a tape or CD of classical music. To make his point, Miller played legislators some of Beethoven’s ‘Ode to Joy’ on a tape recorder and asked, ‘Now, don’t you feel smarter already?’
31. J. T. Bruer, The Myth of the First Three Years: A New Understanding of Early Brain Development and Lifelong Learning (New York, NY: Free Press, 1999).
32. F. J. Zimmerman, D. A. Christakis and A. N. Meltzoff, ‘Associations between media viewing and language development in children under age two years’, Journal of Pediatrics, 51 (2007), 364–8.
33. Azevedo et al. (2009).
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39. Personal communication with Dunbar.
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43. This anecdote is relayed by A. Gopnik, The Philosophical Baby: What Children’s Minds Tell Us About Truth, Love, and the Meaning of Life (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2009).
2 The Machiavellian Baby
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4. A. Gopnik, ‘What are babies really thinking?’ http://blog.ted.com/2011/10/10/what-are-babies-really-thinking-alison-gopnik-on-ted-com/ (TED talk, 2011).
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