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64.   R. S. Kempe and C. H. Kempe, Child Abuse (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978).

65.   D. G. Dutton and S. Painter, ‘Emotional attachments in abusive relationships. A test of traumatic bonding’, Violence and Victims, 8 (1993), 105–120.

66.   G. A. Morgan and H. N. Ricciuti, ‘Infants’ responses to strangers during the first year’, in B. M. Foss (ed.), Determinants of Infant Behaviour, vol. 4 (London: Methuen, 1967).

67.   A. N. Meltzoff, P. K. Kuhl, J. Movellan and T. J. Sejnowski, ‘Foundations for a new science of learning’, Science, 325 (2009), 284–8.

68.   A. N. Meltzoff, ‘Infant imitation and memory: Nine-month-olds in immediate and deferred tests’, Child Development, 59 (1988), 217–25.

69.   G. Gergely, H. Bekkering and I. Király, ‘Rational imitation of goal directed actions in preverbal infants’, Nature, 415 (2002), 755.

70.   A. N. Meltzoff and R. Brooks, ‘Self-experience as a mechanism for learning about others: A training study in social cognition’, Developmental Psychology, 44 (2008), 1257–65.

71.   S. Itakura, H. Ishida, T. Kanda, Y. Shimada, H. Ishiguro and K. Lee, ‘How to build an intentional android: Infants’ imitation of a robot’s goal-directed actions’, Infancy, 13 (2008), 519–32.

72.   V. Gallese, L. Fadiga, L. Fogassi and G. Rizzolatti, ‘Action recognition in the premotor cortex’, Brain, 119 (1996), 593–609.

73.   V. Gallese, M. A. Gernsbacher, C. Heyes, G. Hickok and M. Iacoboni, ‘Mirror Neuron Forum’, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6 (2011), 369–407.

74.   This claim was made by the eminent neuroscientist Vilayanur Ramachandran and is related in C. Keysers, The Empathic Brain (Los Gatos, CA: Smashwords e-book, 2011).

75.   D. T. Neal and T. L. Chartrand, ‘Embodied emotion perception: Amplifying and dampening facial feedback modulates emotion perception accuracy’, Social Psychological and Personality Science (2011): doi:10.1177/1948550611406138.

76.   S.-J. Blakemore, D. Bristow, G. Bird, C. Frith and J. Ward, ‘Somatosensory activations during the observation of touch and a case of vision-touch synaesthesia’, Brain, 128 (2005), 1571–83.

77.   J. Ward, The Frog Who Croaked Blue: Synesthesia and the Mixing of the Senses (London: Routledge, 2008).

78.   M. J. Richardson, K. L. Marsh, R. W. Isenhower, J. R. L. Goodman and R. C. Schmidt, ‘Rocking together: Dynamics of intentional and un-intentional interpersonal coordination’, Human Movement Science, 26 (2007), 867–91.

79.   M. S. Helt, I.-M. Eigsti, P. J. Snyder and D. A. Fein, ‘Contagious yawning in autistic and typical development’, Child Development, 81 (2010), 1620–31.

80.   T. J. Cox, ‘Scraping sounds and disgusting noises’, Applied Acoustics, 69 (2008), 1195–1204.

81.   O. Sacks, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (New York, NY: Harper Perennial, 1987), 123.

3   The Looking Glass Self

1.   C. H. Cooley, Human Nature and the Social Order (New York, NY: Scribner’s, 1902).

2.   N. Breen, D. Caine and M. Coltheart, ‘Mirrored-self misidentification: Two cases of focal onset dementia’, Neurocase, 7 (2001), 239–54.

3.   J. Cotard, Etudes sur les Maladies Cerebrales et Mentales (Paris: Bailliere, 1891).

4.   E. C. M. Hunter, M. Sierra and A. S. David, ‘The epidemiology of depersonalisation and derealisation: A systematic review, Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39 (2004), 9–18.

5.   A. J. Barnier, R. E. Cox, M. Connors, R. Langdon and M. Coltheart, ‘A stranger in the looking glass: Developing and challenging a hypnotic mirrored-self misidentification delusion’, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 59 (2011), 1–26.

6.   G. B. Caputo, ‘Strange-face-in-the-mirror illusion’, Perception, 39 (2010), 1007–8.

7.   G. G. Gallup, ‘Chimpanzees: Self-recognition’, Science, 167 (1970), 86–7.

8.   B. I. Bertenthal and K. W. Fischer, ‘Development of self-recognition in the infant’, Developmental Psychology, 14 (1978), 44–50.

9.   P. Rochat, Others in Mind: Social Origins of Self-Consciousness (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

10.   D. Bruce, A. Dolan and K. Phillips-Grant, ‘On the transition from childhood amnesia to the recall of personal memories’, Psychological Science,11 (2000),360–64.

11.   M. J. Eacott, ‘Memory for the events of early childhood’, Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 8 (1999), 46–9.

12.   D. Wearing, Forever Today: A Memoir of Love and Amnesia (London: Doubleday, 2005).

13.   Wearing (2005), 158.

14.   J. Piaget, The Child’s Construction of Reality (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1955).

15.   C. Rovee and D. T. Rovee, ‘Conjugate reinforcement of infant exploratory behavior’, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 8 (1969), 33–9.

16.   D. B. Mitchell, ‘Nonconscious priming after 17 years: Invulnerable implicit memory?’, Psychological Science, 17 (2006), 925–9.

17.   E. Tulving, Elements of Episodic Memory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983).

18.   M. A. Conway and C. W. Pleydell-Pearce, ‘The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system’, Psychological Review, 107 (2000), 261–88.

19.   H. L. Roediger III and K. B. McDermott, ‘Tricks of memory’, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9 (2000), 123–7.

20.   F. C. Bartlett, Remembering (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1932).

21.   E. F. Loftus, ‘Leading questions and eyewitness report’, Cognitive Psychology, 7 (1975), 560–72.

22.   E. F. Loftus, ‘Lost in the malclass="underline" Misrepresentations and misunderstandings’, Ethics and Behaviour, 9 (1999), 51–60.

23.   The story of Piaget’s false memory can be found in C. Tavris, ‘Hysteria and the incest-survivor machine’, Sacramento Bee, Forum section (17 January 1993).

24.   K. A. Wade, M. Garry, J. D. Read and D. S. Lindsay, ‘A picture is worth a thousand lies: Using false photographs to create false childhood memories’, Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9 (2002), 597–603.

25.   Loftus’s recollection of this incident is found in J. Neimark, ‘The diva of disclosure, memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus’, Psychology Today, 29 (1996), 48.

26.   D. J. Simons and C. F. Chabris, ‘What people believe about how memory works: A representative survey of the US population’, PLoS ONE, 6: 8 (2011): e22757, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022757.

27.   W. L. Randall, ‘From compost to computer: Rethinking our metaphors for memory’, Theory Psychology, 17 (2007), 611–33.

28.   Simons, quoted in K. Harmon, ‘4 things most people get wrong about memory’, Scientific American (4 August 2011), http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/08/04/4-things-most-people-get-wrong-about-memory.

29.   P. K. Dick, ‘We can remember it for you wholesale’, Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (April 1966).