75. J. Dunn, I. Bretherton and P. Munn, ‘Conversations about feeling states between mothers and their young children’, Developmental Psychology, 23 (1987), 132–9.
76. K. Crowley, M. A. Callanan, H. R. Tenenbaum and E. Allen, ‘Parents explain more often to boys than to girls during shared scientific thinking’, Psychological Science, 12 (2001), 258–61.
77. M. Sadker and D. Sadker, Failing at Fairness: How America’s Schools Cheat Girls (New York, NY: Scribner’s, 1994).
78. K. C. Kling, J. S. Hyde, C. J. Showers and B. N. Buswell, ‘Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis’, Psychological Bulletin, 125 (1999), 470–500.
79. D. F. Halpern, ‘A cognitive-process taxonomy for sex differences in cognitive abilities’, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13 (2004), 135–9.
80. R. L. Munro, R. Hulefeld, J. M. Rodgers, D. L. Tomeo and S. K. Yamazaki, ‘Aggression among children in four cultures’, Cross-Cultural Research, 34 (2000), 3–25.
81. T. R. Nansel, M. Overpeck, R. S. Pilla, W. J. Ruan, B. Simons-Morton and P. Scheidt, ‘Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment’, Journal of the American Medical Association, 285 (2001), 2094–2100.
82. P. A. Jacobs, M. Brunton, M. M. Melville, R. P. Brittain and W. F. McClemont, ‘Aggressive behaviour, mental sub-normality and the XYY male’, Nature, 208 (1965), 1351–2.
83. M. C. Brown, ‘Males with an XYY sex chromosome complement’, Journal of Medical Genetics, 5 (1968), 341–59.
84. H. A. Witkin et al., ‘Criminality in XYY and XXY men’, Science, 193 (1976), 547–55.
85. A. Caspi, J. McClay, T. E. Moffitt, J. Mill, J. Martin, I. W. Craig, A. Taylor and R. Poulton, ‘Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children’, Science, 297 (2002), 851–4.
86. E. Yong, ‘Dangerous DNA: The truth about the “warrior gene”’, New Scientist (7 April 2010).
87. G. Naik, ‘What’s on Jim Fallon’s mind? A family secret that has been murder to figure out’, Wall Street Journal (30 November 2009).
88. Interview with Jim Fallon by Claudia Hammond for All in the Mind, BBC Radio 4 (26 April 2011).
89. B. D. Perry, ‘Incubated in terror: Neurodevelopmental factors in the “Cycle of Violence”’, in J. Osofsky (ed.), Children, Youth and Violence: The Search for Solutions (New York, NY: Guilford Press, 1997), 124–48.
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4 The Cost of Free Will
1. G. M. Lavergne, A Sniper in the Tower: The Charles Whitman Murders (Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press, 1997).
2. J. M. Burns and R. H. Swerdlow, ‘Right orbitofrontal tumor with pedophilia symptom and constructional apraxia sign’, Archives of Neurology, 60 (2003), 437–40.
3. D. M. Eagleman, Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain (Edinburgh: Canongate, 2011).
4. N. Levy, Neuroethics: Challenges for the 21st Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
5. B. de Spinoza, A Spinoza Reader: The Ethics and Other Works, ed. and trans. E. Curley (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
6. Dennett is quoted in E. Taylor, Mind Programming: From Persuasion and Brainwashing, to Self-Help and Practical Metaphysics (San Diego, CA: Hay House, 2009).
7. E. R. Macagno, V. Lopresti and C. Levinthal, ‘Structure and development of neuronal connections in isogenic organisms: Variations and similarities in the optic system of Daphnia magna’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 70 (1973), 57–61.
8. H. Putnam, ‘Psychological predicates’, in W. H. Capitan and D. D. Merrill (eds), Art, Mind, and Religion (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1967), 37–48.
9. This example comes from Gazzaniga’s Gifford lecture where he introduced the work of neurophysiologist Eve Marder to demonstrate the principle of Putnam’s multiple realizability; J. M. Goaillard, A. L. Taylor, D. J. Schulz and E. Marder, ‘Functional consequences of animal-to-animal variation in circuit parameters’, Nature. Neuroscience, 12 (2009), 1424–30.
10. B. Libet, C. Gleason, E. Wright and D. Pearal, ‘Time of unconscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential)’, Brain, 106 (1983), 623–42.
11. C. S. Soon, M. Brass, H.-J. Heinze and J.-D. Haynes, ‘Unconscious determinants of free decisions in the human brain’, Nature Neuroscience, 11 (2008), 543–5.
12. G. Ryle, The Concept of Mind (London: Peregrine, 1949), 186–9.
13. F. Assal, S. Schwartz and P. Vuilleumier, ‘Moving with or without wilclass="underline" Functional neural correlates of alien hand syndrome’, Annals of Neurology, 62 (2007), 301–6.
14. See M. S. Gazzaniga, ‘Forty-five years of split-brain research and still going strong’, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6:8 (August 2005), 653–9, for Gazzaniga’s reflection of his work in split-brain research.
15. F. Lhermitte, ‘Human autonomy and the frontal lobes. Part II: Patient behavior in complex and social situations: The “environmental dependency syndrome”’, Annals of Neurology, 19 (1986), 335–43.
16. F. Lhermitte, ‘“Utilization behaviour” and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes’, Brain, 106 (1983), 237–55.
17. D. Wegner, The Illusion of Conscious Will (Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2002).
18. D. Wegner, ‘Self is magic’, in J. C. Kaufman and R. F. Baumeister (eds), Are We Free? Psychology and Free Will (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2008).