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6 How the Tribe Made Me
1. R. C. Kessler, P. Berglund, O. Demler, R. Jin and E. E. Walters, ‘Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication’, Archives of General Psychiatry, 62 (2005), 593–602.
2. R. B. Zajonc, ‘Social facilitation’, Science, 149 (1965), 269–74.
3. G. Porter, B. M. Hood, T. Troscianko and C. N. Macrae, ‘Females, but not males, show greater pupillary response to direct than deviated gaze faces’, Perception, 35 (2006), 1129–36.
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5. S. J. Karau and K. D. Williams, ‘Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65 (1993), 681–706.
6. S. Moscovici and M. Zavalloni, ‘The group as a polarizer of attitudes’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12 (1969), 125–35.
7. I. Janis, Groupthink (New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1982).
8. ‘DJ condemned for playing Van Halen’s Jump as woman leaps from bridge’, Daily Mail (18 January 2010).
9. L. Mann, ‘The baiting crowd in episodes of threatened suicide’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41 (1981), 703–9.
10. T. Postmes and R. Spears, ‘Deindividuation and antinormative behavior: A meta-analysis’, Psychological Bulletin, 123 (1998), 238–59.
11. M. Bateson, D. Nettle and G. Roberts, ‘Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting’, Biology Letters, 2:3 (2006), 412–14.
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13. V. Bell, ‘Riot psychology’, blog posted on the Mind Hacks website (2011), www.mindhacks.com.
14. T. Postmes and R. Spears (1998).
15. P. Rochat, Others in Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
16. National Institutes of Health, ‘Bullying widespread in US schools, survey finds’, National Institutes of Health press release (24 April 2001), www.nichd.nih.gov/news/releases/bullying.cfm.
17. N. R. Crick and J. K. Grotpeter, ‘Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment’, Child Development, 66 (1995), 710–22.
18. N. I. Eisenberger, M. D. Lieberman and K. D. Williams, ‘Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion’, Science, 302 (2003), 290–92.
19. R. F. Baumeister, C. N. Dewall, N. J. Ciarocco and J. M. Twenge, ‘Social exclusion impairs self-regulation’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88 (2005), 589–604.
20. K. D. Williams and S. A. Nida, ‘Ostracism: consequences and coping’, Current Directions in Psychology, 20 (2011), 71–5.
21. M. Gruter and R. D. Masters (eds), ‘Ostracism: A social and biological phenomenon’, Ethology and Sociobiology, 7 (1986), 149–395.
22. K. D. Williams, ‘Ostracism: A temporal need-threat model’, in M. Zanna (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (New York, NY: Academic Press, 2009), 279–314.
23. W. A. Warburton, K. D. Williams and D. R. Cairns, ‘When ostracism leads to aggression: The moderating effects of control deprivation’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42 (2006), 213–20.
24. M. R. Leary, R. M. Kowalski and L. Smith, ‘Case studies of the school shootings’, Aggressive Behavior, 29 (2003), 202–214.
25. Telegram to the Friar’s Club of Beverly Hills, as recounted in G. Marx, Groucho and Me (New York, NY: B. Geis, 1959), 321.
26. A. Bandura, B. Underwood and M. E. Fromson, ‘Disinhibition of aggression through diffusion of responsibility and dehumanization of victims’, Journal of Research in Personality, 9 (1975), 253–69.
27. H. Tajfel, M. G. Billig, R. P. Bundy and C. Flament, ‘Social categorization and intergroup behaviour’, European Journal of Social Psychology, 1 (1971), 149–78.
28. W. Peters, A Class Divided, Then and Now (Expanded ed., New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987).
29. M. B. Brewer, ‘The social self: On being the same and different at the same time’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17 (1991), 475–82.
30. S. E. Asch, ‘Studies of independence and conformity: 1. A minority of one against a unanimous majority’, Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 70 (1956), 1–70.
31. D. K. Campbell-Meiklejohn, D. R. Bach, A. Roepstorff, R. J. Dolan and C. D. Frith, ‘How the opinion of others affects our valuation of objects’, Current Biology, 20 (2010), 1165–70; J. Zaki, J. Schirmer and J. P. Mitchell, ‘Social influence modulates the neural computation of value’, Psychological Science, 22 (2011), 894–900.
32. P. Zimbardo, The Lucifer Effect: How Good People Turn Evil (London: Random House, 2007).
33. S. Reicher and S. A. Haslam, ‘Rethinking the psychology of tyranny: The BBC prison study’, British Journal of Social Psychology, 45 (2006), 1–40.
34. Cool Hand Luke (1967), directed by Stuart Rosenberg, Warner Brothers.
35. S. Milgram, ‘Behavioral study of obedience’, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67 (1963), 371–8.
36. C. L. Sheridan and R. G. King, ‘Obedience to authority with an authentic victim’, Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 7: 1 (1972), 165–6.
37. C. K. Hofling, E. Brotzman, S. Dalrymple, N. Graves and C. M. Pierce, ‘An experimental study in nurse-physician relationships’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorder, 143 (1966), 171–80.
38. The hoax strip-search scam and Zimbardo’s involvement are documented in his book, Zimbardo (2007).
39. C. Borge, ‘The science of evil’, Primetime, ABC News (3 January 2007), http://abcnews.go.com/Primetime/story?id=2765416andpage=1.
40. E. Brockes, ‘What happens in war happens’, interview with Lynndie England, Guardian (3 January 2009), www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/03/abughraib-lynndie-england-interview.
41. H. Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (London: Faber and Faber, 1963).
42. A. Dijksterhuis and A. van Knippenberg, ‘The relation between perception and behavior, or how to win a game of “Trivial Pursuit”’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (1998), 865–77.
43. T. L. Chartrand and J. A. Bargh, ‘The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76 (1999), 893–910.
44. J. N. Cappella and S. Panalp, ‘Talk and silence sequences in informal conversations: III. Inter-speaker influence’, Human Communication Research, 7 (1981), 117–32.