39. Pushkin 1962–66, 187–88.
40. Nabokov 1981, 305.
41. Pushkin 1962–66, 188.
42. Nabokov 1981, 306.
43. Grossman 1973, 173.
44. Grossman 1973, 174, 175. The freedom/slavery opposition also plays an important role in Life and Fate. See Garrard 1991b. For Chaadaev’s influence on Grossman, see Brun-Zejmis 1991, 649–50.
45. Grossman 1973, 30.
46. Ibid., 176–77.
47. Ibid., 180.
48. Ibid., 181.
49. See Svirskii 1979, 300.
50. On this controversy, see the attack by Antonov, Klykov, and Shafarevich (1989) on Anatolii Anan’ev, who had published Forever Flowing in his journal Oktiabr’ (he was later fired, then reinstated). See also: Bocharov and Lobanov 1989; Anan’ev 1990; Garrard 1991a.
51. Anan’ev 1990, 14.
52. Grossman 1973, 175, 178, 183. Cf. also 70–71.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5
1. Freud, SE, vol. 19, 165.
2. Horney 1964 (1937), 228, italics added.
3. Freud, SE, vol. 22, 106–7.
4. Freud, SE, vol. 19, 168. Cf. Dicks 1952, 139.
5. Loewenstein 1957, 230.
6. Freud 1989 (1928), 47.
7. Freud, SE, vol. 19, 169.
8. See, for example: Bergler 1949; Winnicott 1960; Kohut 1971; Dinnerstein 1976; Chodorow 1978; Mahler et al. 1975; Rancour-Laferriere 1985, 196ff.; Brunswick 1940; Fisher and Greenberg 1977, 187ft; Klein 1977 (1921–45); Greenberg and Mitchell 1983; Asch 1988; Meyers 1988; Stern 1977; Koenigsberg 1989; Horner 1992.
9. Bergler 1949, 5. The idea that the painful experience is a compulsive repetition of some previous experience goes back of course to Freud’s idea of the “repetition compulsion” (“Wiederholungszwang”) as a means of mastering previous trauma. See 98 herein.
10. Cf. Socarides 1958, 588.
11. Novick and Novick 1987, 360.
12. Dinnerstein 1976, 166. Cf. Rancour-Laferriere 1985, 120; 260ff.
13. See Reik 1941, 427–33.
14. Cooper 1988, 120.
15. Katz 1990, 235.
16. Stern 1977, 122–23.
17. See, for example: Freud, SE, vol. 14, 127–29; Fenichel 1945, 360ff. In his later work Freud came to view masochism as a manifestation of the so-called “death instinct” (e.g., SE, vol. 19, 164, 170). Psychoanalysts have not received this idea with enthusiasm.
18. Bieber 1966, 268. Compare a scene described by McDevitt (1983, 281): “During his eighth month, when his father’s arm interfered with his water play, Peter tried to push it aside and then bit it. Later, when his mother said, “No,” when he started to bite her, he bit himself instead.”
19. Bieber 1966, 267.
20. Fenichel 1945, 542.
21. Freud, SE, vol. 18, 3–64.
22. As phrased by Cooper 1988, 122. See also Bergler 1949.
23. Reik (1941, 156ff.) is very good on the assertiveness and defiance inherent in masochistic behavior.
24. Cooper 1988, 123.
25. Bergler 1949, 6, italics added.
26. Kernberg 1988, 68.
27. Ibid., 69.
28. Bergler 1949, 203ff.
29. Kernberg 1988, 63; cf. Asch 1988, 110.
30. Berliner 1958, 46.
31. Fenichel 1945, 363.
32. Socarides 1958, 589.
33. Berliner 1958, 44.
34. Menaker 1979, 66.
35. Freud, SE, vol. 14, 248.
36. Dostoyevsky 1950, 692; Dostoevskii 1972–88, vol. 15, 10.
37. Fedotov 1975, vol. 1, 294.
38. Hunt 1974, 333.
39. Kinsey et al. 1965 (1953), 677; Hunt 1974, 333.
40. For some of the abundant cross-cultural evidence that men typically have higher social status and power than women, see Rancour-Laferriere 1985, chap. 40.
41. See Baumeister 1989, 147ff.
42. Chancer 1992, 29.
43. Freud, SE, vol. 19, 161–62.
44. Compare, for example, Deutsch 1930 with Blum 1977. See also Rancour-Laferriere 1985, 280–82.
45. See, for example, Caplan 1985, who suggests that not only is there no female masochism, there is no such thing as masochism, period.
46. Kass 1987.
47. Rosewater 1987, 191.
48. Ibid., 192.
49. See, for example, the review of the research in this area by Brody 1985.
50. Rosewater 1987, 191.
51. Ibid., 194.
52. See, for example, Walker 1987, 186; Walker and Browne 1985, 186.
53. Walker and Browne 1985, 187.
54. Walker 1987, 186.
55. Rancour-Laferriere 1988a.
56. Asch 1988, 107. For a discussion of the many problems involved in treating masochistic patients, see Panken 1973, 143–95.
57. Asch 1988, 108.
58. Meyers 1988, 180.
59. Ibid., 1988, 183–84.
60. Ibid., 184.
61. See, for example: Cooper 1988, 127; Caplan 1985, 88. See also Baumeister’s formulation: “I hurt, therefore I am” (1989, 75).
62. Stolorow 1975, 442. Cf. Warren 1985 (104), who argues that masochists “actively seek pain because feeling pain has become an essential part of their identity (e.g., they see themselves as victims).”
63. Stolorow 1975, 443.
64. Baumeister 1989, 201.
65. Baumeister attempts to reconcile his theory with Stolorow’s in a somewhat different way (1989, 195–99).
66. Horney 1964 (1937), 230. Horney credits this idea to another analyst, Erich Fromm.
67. Fromm 1965 (1941).
68. Lane, Hull, and Foehrenbach 1991, 399, italics added.
69. Ibid., 397, italics added.
70. Warren 1985, 116.
71. As quoted by Walicki 1989, 248.
72. Leatherbarrow and Offord 1987, 105.
73. Shafarevich 1989, 173.
74. Kohut l971.
75. Stolorow 1975, 444. Cf.: Berliner 1958; Menaker 1979; Loewenstein 1957.
76. Cf. Berger 1967, 74.
77. Avvakum 1979 (1673), 112.
78. Nydes 1963, 248.
79. Brenner 1959, 224.
80. See, for example, LaPlanche and Pontalis 1973, 414–15.
81. As quoted by Bolshakoff 1977, 192, italics added.
82. See Rancour-Laferriere 1988b.
83. But see Horney 1967, 214–33; Bergler 1949, 108; Cooper 1988, 125.
84. Condee and Padunov 1987, 316.
85. Toporov 1987, 220.
86. Gromyko 1991, 126–29.
87. Dal’ 1984 (1862), vol. 1, 162–63; cf. Illiustrov 1904, 317ff.
88. Cf. the discussion of Russian “universal guilt” in Mead 1951, 27–29, 91–93.
89. Tolstoi 1928–64, vol. 23, 469–70, as modified from the translation by Gustafson 1986, 20.
90. See Laplanche and Pontalis 1973, 411. Tolstoy himself says that he is not certain whether this incident (and some others in this particular memoir) really took place or he dreamed it (469). He also states that he doesn’t know whether the incident took place while he was still nursing and less than a year old, or later when he had an outbreak of sores and was swaddled to prevent scratching (470).
91. See especially Gorer and Rickman 1962; Benedict 1949; Mead 1954; Whiting 1981; Kluckhohn 1962, 237ff.; Erikson 1963 (1950), 388–92; Dunn 1974, 386–87; Lipton et al. 1965; Chisholm 1983; Dundes 1984, 93ff. For a rare Soviet contribution on the swaddling hypothesis, see Kon 1968, 222.
92. Dunn 1974, 387.
93. Gorer in Gorer and Rickman 1962, 123, 128.
94. See especially Lipton et al. 1965.
95. Kluckhohn 1962, 237–40.
96. Bronfenbrenner 1972, 9–10.
97. Semenova-Tian-Shanskaia 1914, 29.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 6