76. Pushkin 1962–66, vol. 7, 287.
77. Efimenko 1884, 81.
78. Ibid., 83.
79. Kuznetsova 1980, 50.
80. Ibid., 109.
81. Ibid., 150.
82. Kharchev 1970, 18.
83. Sysenko 1981, 7, 27.
84. Worobec 1991, 177.
85. Elsewhere (Rancour-Laferriere 1985, 247–59) I have developed a sociobiological explanation for why, cross-culturally, female deference tends to go with male dominance.
86. E.g., Myl’nikova and Tsintsius 1926, 147; Worobec 1991, 167–70.
87. As quoted from the tsarist law code of 1857 by Kharchev 1979, 123.
88. E.g., Pevin 1893, 247; Semenova-Tian-Shanskaia 1914, 68; Myl’nikova and Tsintsius 1926, 147.
89. Worobec 1991, 187.
90. Ibid., 188.
91. Dal’ 1984 (1862), vol. 1, 289, 290, 291, 293.
92. Worobec 1991, 189.
93. Efimenko 1884, 114.
94. Worobec 1991, 189.
95. Kollmann 1991, 70, italics added.
96. Semenova-Tian-Shanskaia 1914, 6.
97. Dal’ 1984 (1862), vol. 1, 288, 290, 291.
98. Efimenko 1884, 82.
99. Krafft-Ebing 1929, 36.
100. Kovalevsky 1891, 45.
101. Ralston 1872, 10.
102. As defined by Laplanche and Pontalis 1973, 335.
103. SE, vol. 17, 45.
104. Maksimenko 1988, 145.
105. Freud, SE, vol. 17, 47.
106. Rancour-Laferriere 1985, 277.
107. Nemilov 1932 (1930), 130.
108. The same is true of the verb “parit”’ (“to steam,” “to beat”) (Baiburin 1993, 73).
109. De Armond 1971, 103.
110. He might lie on top of her all night long, but still he would not be able to perform. Cf. Semenova-Tian-Shanskaia 1914, 14.
111. Information provided by Yuri Druzhnikov.
112. Horney 1967, 223–24.
113. Hansson and Lidén 1983, 24, italics added.
114. Attwood 1990, 212. The “double burden” is not an altogether Soviet invention. Russian women who labored in factories before the Bolshevik Revolution often complained about it. Rose Glickman quotes a woman textile worker who, in 1908, declared: “We women have two burdens. At the factory we serve the boss, and at home the husband is our ruler. Nowhere do they see the woman as a real person” (Glickman 1984, 26). Christine Worobec has also pointed to precursors of the woman’s double burden in post-emancipation peasant life, e.g., field work added to domestic labor during the short harvest season (Worobec 1991, 206–8).
115. The audience obliges with “prolonged applause.” See Brezhnev 1977, 1.
116. Hansson and Lidén 1983, 15.
117. Lapidus points out that in 1946 there were 59 men for every 100 women in the 35–59 age group (1988, 91). For more figures, see Buckley 1989, 189.
118. Lapidus 1988, 92–93. See also Kharchev and Golod 1971, 42, 137; Zaslavskaya 1990, 94.
119. Lapidus 1988, 93; Iankova 1975, 43; Kuznetsova 1980, 19; Sysenko 1981, 76; Shlapentokh 1984, 179; Shineleva 1990, 35; Arutiunian 1992, 171. Although employment is of intrinsic value to a woman, it is of even greater value to a man. For example, Boiko (1988, 103) found that, in a large sample of Leningraders, a good position at work is rated significantly higher by men than by women.
120. Hansson and Lidén 1983, 165.
121. See, for example Lapidus 1978, 171ff.; 1988, 93–99.
122. Tereshkova 1987, 3. For a detailed analysis of women’s labor in the Soviet countryside, see Bridger 1987.
123. Goskomstat 1990, 41, 42.
124. Shineleva 1990, 47.
125. Ibid., 37.
126. Lapidus 1988, 103.
127. Iankova (1978, 99) says women in urban areas spend 30–35 hours per week on domestic work, women in rural areas 45–55 hours, and men 15–20 hours. Kharchev (1979, 281) cites some Leningrad data showing that women spend 30.5 hours per week, men 10.5. See also Shlapentokh 1984, 191–93; Bridger 1987, 101, 108–13.
128. The World’s Women (1991), 101, table 7.
129. Robinson et al. 1989, 133.
130. Shlapentokh 1984, 190.
131. Remennick 1993, 51.
132. Goskomstat 1990, 42–43.
133. Ispa 1983, 5.
134. Iankova 1978, 78, 108.
135. Alexandrova 1984, 49.
136. Marshall 1991, 6.
137. Sarnoff 1988, 209. Cf. Fenichel 1945, 364; Leites 1979, 14–15; Asch 1988, 100, 113.
138. Lapidus 1988, 107.
139. Peers 1985, 124; cf. Allott 1985, 196, who speaks of the “parasitic behaviour” of many Soviet men.
140. Iankova 1975, 48.
141. Sysenko 1981, 53, referring to the work of A. E. Kotliar and S. Ia. Turchaninova.
142. Khanga 1991, A15.
143. Kuznetsova 1988, 47.
144. See, for example, Allott 1985.
145. Golod 1984, 51.
146. Sysenko 1981, 86.
147. Hansson and Lidén 1983, 191.
148. As quoted in an interview with Feliks Medvedev 1992, 97.
149. Quoted by Merezhkovskii 1914, vol. 15, 148.
150. Gray 1990, 39.
151. Ibid., 47.
152. Hansson and Lidén 1983, 183.
153. Iankova 1978, 111.
154. Ibid., 99
155. Lenin 1958–65, vol. 39, 202.
156. Ibid., 24 (italics Lenin’s). Cf. Iankova 1978, 99.
157. Lenin 1958–65, vol. 39, 202.
158. See also Lenin 1958–65, vol. 42, 368–69.
159. Engels 1985 (1884), 105. Engels is famous for comparing the woman in a marriage to the exploited proletariat, the man to an exploiting bourgeois (ibid.). Engels also regarded the bourgeois marriage as a financial transaction in which the husband essentially supported a prostitute for life. For a very informative essay on the attitudes of early Marxist theoreticians toward the women’s movement, see Meyer 1977.
160. Hansson and Lidén 1983, 76.
161. As translated by Mary Buckley from the stenographic report of a conference of the wives of shock workers held in 1936 (Buckley 1989, 116).
162. Iurkevich 1970, 192, as translated by Lapidus 1988, 113.
163. See especially Buckley 1989, 136.
164. Rancour-Laferriere 1985, 108ff.
165. Boiko 1988, 103.
166. Iankova 1979, 110. Cf. Shlapentokh 1984, 203. The figures given by Arutiunian (1992, 182–83, table 18) appear to indicate that, the more respondents say the wife makes the major decisions in the family, the less stable the marriage is likely to be.
167. As cited by Maksimenko 1988, 152.
168. Ibid.
169. Kharchev 1979, 258.
170. Allott 1985, 197.
171. Dunham 1960, 481.
172. As translated by Dunham 1979, 223.
173. Hansson and Lidén 1983, 13.
174. See, for example: Kharchev 1979, 222; Kuznetsova 1980, 167.
175. Molodtsov 1976, 11.
176. Iankova 1978, 128.
177. Boiko 1988, 201.
178. Kon 1970, 11.
179. As quoted from a 1982 issue of Krest’ianka by Bridger 1987, 135.
180. Khripkova and Kolesov 1981, 120–21.
181. Zhukhovitskii 1984. Compare Kharchev (1979, 222), who says that a woman is disappointed and humiliated when her husband tries to run away from his traditional role of moral superiority and responsibility, that is, when he attempts to “surpass her in weakness.”
182. Grafova 1984, 13.
183. As quoted from a 1977 issue of Nedelia by Attwood 1990, 167.
184. Kon 1970, 11, italics added.
185. Zhukhovitskii 1984, 12, italics added.
186. Vaksberg 1965, 2.
187. Iurkevich 1970, 193ff.
188. Dunham 1979, 216, 218, italics added.