38. Plut. Sulla 38, Luc. 43, Pomp. 15, 81; App. BC i.105–106; Cic. Leg. ii.57; Pliny NH vii.54; Gran. xxxvi.32–33.
39. Quote: Plut. Sulla 38. See also Plut. Pomp. 15; App. BC i.106.
40. Cic. Verr. ii.1.123, Fam. xviii.5.2; Dio xliii.50; Vell. Pat. ii.28; Livy Per. 88.
41. Tribunes: Cic. Verr. i.44, Leg. iii.22, 26; Sall. Cat. 38; Caes. BC i.7; Livy. Per. 97; Vell. Pat. ii.30; Ascon. 76; Tac. Ann. iii.27; Plut. Pomp. 22; App. BC ii.29. Juries: Cic. Verr. ii.2.174, 3.223, Clu. 130, Phil. i.20; Livy. Per. 97; Vell. Pat. ii.32; Ascon 17, 67, 78; Tac. Ann. iii.28; Plut. Pomp. 22. Land: Cic. Leg. Agr. ii.35, 68–70, 78, 81, iii.7, 12.
42. App. BC i.27–30; Plut. Mar. 29, Cras. 2; Cic. Leg. ii.14, Leg. Agr. ii.35, 68–70, 78, 81, iii.7, 12; “Caes.” BA 56; Livy Per. 69.
43. Plut. Cras. 12, Cato Min. 26, Caes. 8, Pomp. 50; Cic. Off. ii.58, Verr. ii.3.163, 173, 214–216, ii.5.52, Scaur. 3, Att. xv.9–12; Dio xxxix.24; Ascon. 48; Sall. Hist. ii.44–47, iii.48.
44. See Syme, Roman Revolution, ch. 5.
45. Quote: Seut. Tib. 32.
46. Quote: Dio lxxviii.9.
47. Plut. Pomp. 16–20, Sert. 6–27; App. BC 108–115; Flor. ii.11; Oros. v.24–25; Livy Per. 90–93, 96.
48. Plut. Cras. 12, Pomp. 23; Seut. Caes. 19; Sall. Hist. iv.51.
49. Plut. Caes. 5; Seut. Caes. 6.
50. See most especially: App. BC 8–29, Mith. 64–113; Plut. Pomp. 31–52, Luc. 5–42, Caes. 14–28, Cras. 14–33; Caes. BC, BG.
51. Quote: Seut. Caes. 77.
52. See most especially: Dio liii.1–33; Seut. Aug. 25–31.
INDEX
Achaean League, 13–14
Adherbal (King of Numidia), x, 89–90, 92–93, 97
Adriatic Sea, 5, 207, 218, 222, 228, 239
aediles, 11, 27, 83, 87, 90
Aegean Sea, 175, 207–208
Aemilianus, Publius Scipio
Allies and, 54–55, 163
confrontation with mobs, 42, 55
consulship of, 13, 26
death of, x, 55
early years, 6–7
on Gaius Marius, 82
Homeric wisdom of, 15, 41
on Jugurtha, 88–89
legacy of, 56–57
Polybius, 7, 15
rise of, 12–15
rivalry with Claudius, 18, 26
rivalry with Cornelia, 18
sack of Carthage, ix, 1, 14–15, 17
siege of Numantia, 40–41, 88–89
on Tiberius Gracchus, 41, 42
Aenaria, 201
Africana, Cornelia, 17–18, 36, 55, 74, 79
Africanus, Scipio, 5, 6, 17, 36
ager publicus (publicly owned land), 24, 27, 29, 54, 68–69
Ahenobarbus, Gnaeus Domitius, 133, 134
Alexander the Great, 7, 185
Algeria. See Numidia
Allies
class and, 53
land and, 54
Latin Rights for, 72, 163–164
War Against the Allies, 172
See also foederati; Italians; Social War; socii
Alps, 85, 99–100, 102, 106
Ambrones, xii, 100, 140–141, 144, 148
anarchy, 8, 46, 150
Ancharius, 213
Ancona, 222, 225
animals
eagles, 135, 199
elephants, 94, 108
locusts, 68
mules, 135
Sacred Geese, 50
annexation
Greece, 14
Macedon, 14
North Africa, 15
Pergamum, 46
Spain, 6
Antiochus. See Eunus
Anti-Senate, 192–193, 195
Antonius, Marcus
Carbo and, 102–103
consular election and, 156
Crassus and, 84, 169
murder of, 212
oratory and, 66
Antony, Mark, 227, 264
Appian
on Asellio, 182
on Conflict of the Orders, 3
on military in Rome, 197
on social breakdown, 145
on Sulla, 185
on Tiberius Gracchus, 30, 36
on violence, 225
Apulia, 182–183, 229
Aquae Sextiae military colony, x, xii, 85–86, 140–142
Aquillius, Manius (the Elder)
settlement of Asia and, 49
trial of, 65–66, 69–70
Aquillius, Manius (the Younger)
gold and torture of, 202
military and, 187–189
as prisoner, 189
Second Servile War, 150–151
Arausio, xi, 126
Archelaus, 208–209, 214, 217–219
Ariobarzanes (King of Cappadocia), xii, xiii, 175, 187, 188, 208
aristocracy, 4, 8, 10, 47, 56, 255
Aristonicus, ix, x, 48, 49
Aristotle, 8
Armenia, xii, 175, 187
Arminium, 210
army, of peasants, 48
Asculum, xiii, 171–172, 177–178, 180
Asellio, 182, 216
Asia
invasion of Mithridates, 189, 202
role of, 48–50
with settlement ratified, 65–66, 69
taxes, 165–166, 228
with tax-farming contracts, 69
Asiaticus, Lucius Cornelius Scipio
fall of, 234–235
Macedonia and, 216, 226
military and, 231–234
assassinations, 169, 177, 186
See also killings, political
Assemblies, 9, 10–11, 26
See also Centuriate Assembly; Plebeian Assembly; Tribal Assembly
Athenion, 139, 150–151
Athens, xiii, 56, 209, 213–214, 226
Attalus III (King of Pergamum), ix, 33, 48, 65, 220
Augustus, 261–262, 264–265
Aurelius, Quintus, 248
Aventine Hill, 76–77, 157
banditry
in Sicily, 44
in Spain, x
barbarians, 85–86, 119–120, 129–130
See also Cimbri tribe; Gaul
Battle of Aquae Sextiae, xii, 140–142
Battle of Arausio, xi, 124–127, 136
Battle of Chaeronea, xiii, 217
Battle of Cynoscephalae, 5
Battle of Isère River, x, 86
Battle of Noreia, x, 101
Battle of Orchomenus, xiii, 218
Battle of Raudian Plain, xii, 148–149, 212
Battle of Sacriportus, 236
Battle of the Colline Gate, xiv, 241–242, 245, 248
Battle of the Muthul, 104–105
Battle of Tifata, 232
Battle of Zama, 5
Bay of Naples, 201
Bebius, Gaius, 96
Bellona. See Temple of Bellona
Bestia, Lucius Calpurnius, xi, 94–95, 105–106
Bithynia, xii–xiii, 175, 186–188, 219
Black Sea, 185, 186, 208, 218
Bocchus (King of Mauretania)
Jugurtha and, xi, 112, 118–119, 124
Sulla and, 122–123, 174
Bomilcar, 97, 108, 111
borders
expansion, 85–86
Macedonia, 101–102
protection, 85–86, 101–103, 124–127
Bosporus, 189
bounty, gold for heads, 76, 77
bribery
corruption and, 47, 49, 65–66
Numidia and, 88, 90, 94, 102, 105
Brundisium, 206, 228–229