Brutus, 264
Caepio, Quintus Servilius (the Elder)
Battle of Arausio, xi, 124–127, 136
exile, 138
Tolosa Gold, 120–121, 134
Caepio, Quintus Servilius (the Younger)
clash with Saturninus, 153–154
murder of, 177
Caesar, Gaius Julius
ambition of, xx, 227
birth of, xii
murder of, 264
proscriptions and, 250
on republic, 245
rise of, 263–264
Caesar, Lucius Julius, 174, 176, 178, 213
Caesar, Sextus Julius, 169, 174, 177
Caesaria, Julia, 91–92, 263–264
Camillus, Marcus Furius, 150
Campus Martius, 65, 190, 194, 196, 238, 251
Capitoline Hill, 12, 28, 34–36, 175, 197
Cappadocia, xii, 175, 186, 187–188, 190
See also Ariobarzanes
Capua, 205, 232, 233
Carbo, Gaius Papirius
land commission and, 53, 55
trial and suicide, 78
tribunate of, 42, 60
Carbo, Gnaeus Papirius (the Elder)
defeated by Cimbri, xi, 100–101
trial and suicide, 102–103, 179
Carbo, Gnaeus Papirius (the Younger)
consulship of, 235–237
death of, 249
military and, 206, 210, 212, 225–226
as proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul, 227
proscriptions and, 247, 249
against Sulla, 239–241
Carthage
colonies, 73, 74
fall of, ix, 1, 5–6, 12–15, 18, 63
silver from, 51
cash economy, in Rome, 43
Cassius, Gaius, 264
Castor. See Temple of Castor and Pollux
Catilina, Lucius Sergius, 248–249
Cato, Gaius Porcius, 101, 102, 106
Cato, Lucius Porcius, 179–180
Cato the Elder, 101
Carthage and, 12–13
on corruption and wealth, 17, 19
criticism of, 56, 79
Cato the Younger, xii, 162
Catulus, Quintus Lutatius
Cimbri and, 141–144
suicide of, 212
Sulla and, 142, 148–149, 199, 200
triumph of, 151
cavalry
Cimbri and, 149
Equestrian class and, 50
Mummius and, 10
Numidian, 88, 107
Pontic, 188
Sulla and, 114, 116, 117, 118
Centuriate Assembly, 9, 253, 264
Cercina, 201, 202, 209
Cethegus, Publius Cornelius, 231
Chaeronea, xiii, 217, 218
Cicero, Marcus Tullius
on Asia, 165
birth of, xi
on Cinna (cos. 87–84), 223
composition of On the Orators, 169
on corruption, 81
on Crassus, 170
on expulsion of foreigners, 62
on Glaucia, 145
on the Gracchi, 60, 80
on the grain dole, 68
influences, 121
as novus homo, 262
as optimates and populares, 79–80
on Philippus, 134
on Pompey, 227
on Rutilius, 166
on Saturninus, 137, 145–146
on Scaurus, 83
student in Rome, 220
on suicide of Carbo, 78
on Sulpicius, 191
young staff officer, 180
Cimbri tribe
migration of, x, 99–101, 106–107, 131
military against, xi, 101, 107, 119, 121, 124–127, 140–144, 148–150
Cinna, Lucius Cornelius (cos. 87–84)
Cicero on, 223
with citizenship for Italians, 221
consulship of, xiii, xiv, 203–205, 215–217
early years, 204
military and, 206–213
Sulla and, 205–206, 221–223
violence and, 174
Cinna, Lucius Cornelius (cos. 127), 203
Circus Flaminius, 246
Cirta, x, 112, 118, 122
Cisalpine Gaul, 179, 189, 226, 227, 239, 251
citizen-farmers, Lex Agraria and, 24–25
citizens, Latin, 52–53, 71–72, 163–164
citizens, Roman (populus Romanus)
colonies for, 71–72, 78
with killing authorized, 9
population, 43
wealth and, 52, 59
See also noncitizens
citizenship, Roman
for Italians, 178–179, 225–226, 229, 255
land exchanged for, 163
laws, xiii, 178–179, 182, 206
loss of, 206
reform, x, 61–63, 67, 71–72, 161–165, 178–179, 207–208, 225–226, 229, 255
for Samnites, 207–208
civil liberty. See libertas
civitas per magistratum, 163–164
class
Allies and, 53
Athens and upper, 56
Senate and hierarchy of, 10–11
See also Equestrian class; peasants
Claudius Pulcher, Appius, 18, 24–25, 27, 32, 40
Cleon, 45–46
client-patron networks, 4, 26, 91
cohorts
of cavalry, 114
of Italians, 154
from maniple to larger, 136
of populares, 134
of slaves, 263
Sulla in Athens with, 214
Colline Gate, xiv, 241–242, 245, 248
colonies
military, x, xii, 85–86, 140–142
in North Africa, 72–73, 74, 199
role of, 201
for Roman citizens, 71–72, 78
commerce, publicani with, 50–52, 56
Concord. See Temple of Concord
Conflict of the Orders, 3, 10, 44
conscription
land and, 22, 113–114
Punic Wars and, 19–20
Spain and, 21–22
consulship
Aemilianus and, 13, 26
Antonius and, 156
Carbo and, 235–237
Cinna and, xiii, xiv, 203–205, 215–217
Crassus and, 164, 169
discrimination with, 10–11
elections, xiii, 156–157, 190–191, 203–205, 215
Flaccus (cos. 100) and, 152
Gaius Marius and, xi, xii, xiii, 127, 136, 139, 151–153, 155–157, 215
loss of, 23
Mummius and, 13
Norbanus and, 227–228
novus homo with, 13
Octavius and, 204–205, 206
Opimius and, 73–77
Pius Metellus and, 189, 256–258
Pompeius Rufus and, xiii, 190–191
Pompeius Strabo and, 178–180
Scaurus and, 91
Sulla and, xiii, 190–193, 203–205, 256
Sulpicius Rufus and, 190–191
contracts
for publicani, 50–51, 69–70, 84, 91
tax-farming, 69, 132, 163
Corfinium, xii, 172
Corinth, fall of, ix, 1–2, 14, 63
corruption, xi, 105–106
election fraud, 90–91
graft, 47
publicani and, 165–166
See also bribery
costs
grain prices, 68–69, 78, 87, 153–154, 167–168
land, rent-free, 73
military, 69
Cotta, Gaius Aurelius, 169, 173
Cotta, Lucius Aurelius, 259
Crassus, Lucius Licinius (the Orator)
consulship of, 164, 169
death and legacy, 169–170
oration and, 83–84, 86, 120–121
trial of Caepio and, 78
Crassus, Marcus Licinius (Dives), 211, 213
Crassus, Marcus Licinius (the Triumvir)
Battle of the Colline Gate, 241–242
First Triumvirate, 263–264
joins Sulla, 230–231
proscriptions and, 248
Cretans, 176
culture, salons, 79
curses, on treasure, 121
cursus honorum (“path of honors”), 10–11, 103, 254
Cynoscephalae, 5
death, Cicero on, 169
debt
canceled, 189, 216–217
crisis, 3, 181–182
governors and, 47–48
democracy, 3, 8, 9, 145, 260
Denmark, 99
deposition bill, voting on, 30–31
Diana. See Temple of Diana
Dictatorship
parameters of, 8–9
Sulla with, xiv, 251–257
Dio, Cassius
on Roman citizenship, 262
on Sulla, 242–243
Diodorus
on the Cimbri, 100
on despots, 39
on inequality, 20
on Saturninus, 137
on slavery in state mines, 51
discrimination
with consulship, 10–11
against novus homo, 10, 11, 13, 83, 92, 117, 125
Drusus, Marcus Livius (the Elder)
defeats Scordisci tribe, 102
opposition to Gaius Gracchus, 71–72, 73, 78, 167
Drusus, Marcus Livius (the Younger)
Italian citizenship and, xii, 161–162
murder of, xii, 171
tribunate of, xii, 167–171, 231
eagles, 135, 199
economy
with commerce and publicani, 50–52, 56