landlords, tenant-farmers and, 20–21
Laodice (Queen of Pontus), 186
Latin Rights, 52–53, 71–72, 163–164, 179
See also citizens, Latin
Latium, 52, 173, 255
Law of the Twelve Tables, 39
laws
debt, 216–217
deposition, 30–31
flouting of, 39–40
Lex Agraria, ix, 24–25, 27–34, 40, 55, 60, 78
Roman citizenship, xiii, 178–179, 182, 206
tribunals, 67
weapons, 35
See also mos maiorum
leadership, military, 109–111, 129, 190, 193
legati, 47, 94
legislative assemblies, secret ballots for, x, 42
Lepidus, 259, 263
Lesbos, 189
Lex Agraria
amendments, 78
elite against, 30
enforcement of, 32–34
social reform and, ix, 24–25, 27–34, 40, 55, 60
Lex Julia, xiii, 178, 182, 206
Lex Plautia Papiria, 179
Lex Pompeia, 179
libertas (civil liberty), 52
Livy, on Tiberius Gracchus, 17
locusts, 68
Longinus, Lucius Cassius (cos. 107), 119
Longinus, Lucius Cassius (trib. 104), 133–134, 137
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius (the Elder)
exile, 140
Second Servile War and, 139–140
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius (the Younger)
lets Mithridates escape, 218–219
as quaestor who marches with Sulla, 195
in search of a navy, 209
Lupus, Publius Rutilius, 174, 176
Lusitanians, 11
Macedon, 47
annexation of, 14
fall of, 5–6, 7
Macedonia, 85
borders, 101–102
creation of, 14
Scordisci tribe in, 102
Macedonicus, Metellus. See Metellus, Quintus Caecilius (Macedonicus)
magistrates, 47, 153
with abuse of power, 162–163
junior and senior, 9, 11
Magnus, Gnaeus Pompeius. See Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus (Pompey the Great)
Mamilian Commission, xi, 105–106
Mamilius, Gaius, 105
Mancinus, Gaius Hostilius, 22–23
maniple, 136
Marius, Gaius
with barbarians, 129–130
with citizenship reform, 163–164
as conqueror of Rome, 210–213
consulships of, xi, xii, xiii, 127, 136, 139, 151–153, 155–157, 215
as enemy of state, 197–202
fall of, 158–159, 200–202, 213
influence of, x, 116, 125, 175, 216, 263–264
military and, 81–82, 84–86, 108–111, 113, 117–118, 129–131, 135–137, 140–141, 148–150, 176–178, 189–190, 193–195, 209–213
Mithridates VI and, xii, 186–187
plebs urbana and, 70, 87, 152, 157, 261
as praetor, 90–92, 122, 123
rise of, 106, 112–113, 117
slave revolts and, 132–133
Sulla and, 116, 118, 122, 128, 131, 149, 175–176, 193, 195–197, 199–200, 214
as tribune, 86–87
triumph of, 127–128, 151
Marius, Gaius (the Younger)
death of, 242, 251
military and, 239
political killings and, 237–238
against Sulla, 199–200, 235–237
market days, voting and, 27–28
Marsi tribe, 172
Marsic War, 172
See also Social War
martyrs, 78–79, 146
Masinissa (King of Numidia), 88
Massacres
of Gracchans, 35–36, 77
of Italians, x, xiii, 93–94, 202
proscriptions and, 247, 250
of Samnites, 237, 242, 246
Spiked Boots, 211–213
Massilia, 62, 85, 121
Massiva (King of Numidia), xi, 97
Mauretania, 112, 119, 122–123
See also Bocchus
Maximus, Gnaeus Mallius, 125–126, 138
Maximus, Quintus Fabius, 136
Memmius, Gaius, xi, 95–96, 133, 156
Merula, 206, 211, 212
Metelli family, 82–87
Metellus, Lucius Caecilius, 82
Metellus, Quintus Caecilius (Macedonicus), 14, 82
Metellus, Quintus Caecilius (Numidicus)
as censor, 146–147
consulship of, 103
exile of, xii, 152, 155, 158
Gaius Marius and, 108–113, 117–118, 155
military campaign in Numidia, xi, 103–112, 117–118
with Saturninus, 146–147, 152, 155, 158
with title Numidicus, 117
Metellus, Quintus Caecilius (Pius)
Cinna (cos. 87–84) and, 211, 230
consulship of, 189, 256–258
with exile of father, 158
military and, 183, 207–208, 230, 232, 239–240
Samnites and, 207–208, 210
Sertorius and, 263
with Sulla, xiv, 230, 232, 239–240, 256–258
violence and, 174
Metrobius, 115
Micipsa (King of Numidia), x, 88–89
middle class. See Equestrian class
migration
of Cimbri tribe, x, 99–101, 106–107, 131
Italian, 162
military
Aquillius and, 187–189
Asiaticus and, 231–234
Carbo and, 206, 210, 212, 225–226
Cimbri tribe against, xi, 101, 107, 119, 121, 124–127, 140–144, 148–150
Cinna (cos. 87–84) and, 206–213
colony, x, xii, 85–86, 140–142
conscription, 19–22, 113–114
costs, 69
with expansion, 85–86
Gaius Marius and, 81–82, 84–86, 108–111, 113, 117–118, 129–131, 135–137, 140–141, 148–150, 176–178, 189–190, 193–195, 209–213
Italians in, 131
leadership, 109–111, 129, 190, 193
Marius the Younger and, 239
Norbanus and, 231–233, 240
novus homo and, 81–82, 84–86
Numidia and, xi, 88, 94–95, 103–113, 117–119, 122–124
Octavius and, 210
peasant armies, 48, 107
Metellus Pius and, 183, 207–208, 230, 232, 239–240
plague and, 210
Pompeius Magnus and, 177, 264
Pompeius Strabo and, 177–180, 205, 207, 210, 220
poverty and service in, 20, 21, 114
recruits from client-patron networks, 26
reforms, 135–137
in Rome, 197–202, 210–213
Sertorius and, 210, 232–235
slaves in, 114, 133, 150–151, 180, 196
Sulla and, 114, 116–119, 122–123, 131, 136, 149, 180–181, 185, 189, 193–197, 200–202, 205–209, 217–220, 235–242
See also cavalry
mines, state-owned, 51
Minturnae, 199–201
Mithridates I (King of Pontus), 185
Mithridates V (King of Pontus), 49, 65, 147, 175, 183, 186
Mithridates VI (King of Pontus)
in Asia, 188–189, 202, 208, 218–219
Cappadocia and, xiii, 190
debt cancellation and, 189
defeat of, 264
early years, 185–186
Gaius Marius and, xii, 186–188, 214–215
in Greece, 208
with massacre of Italians, 202
Nicomedes IV and, 188
Rome and, 147, 183
Sulla and, xiv, 219–220
with Tigranes I, xii, 187
mob tactics, 147–148, 154, 157–158
monarchy, 8
mos maiorum (“the way of the elders”)
break from, 27, 30–31, 34–37, 64, 113, 127, 136, 152, 194, 197
defined, 4, 128
Pomerium and, 197
Sulla and, 194, 197
Mucianus, Publius Licinius Crassus, 24–25, 48–49
mules, 135
Mummius, Lucius
consulship of, 13
in Corinth, ix, 1–2, 14
as quaestor, 10–11
triumph of, 11–12
murders
of Antonius, 212
of Asellio, 182
of Cinna (cos. 87–84), 223
of Drusus the Younger, xii, 171
of Gaius Memmius, 156
of Gaius Octavius, 212
of Julius Caesar, 264
of Nonius, 152
of Quintus Pompeius Rufus, 205
of Scaevola, 237–238
of Tiberius Gracchus, 35–37, 41, 60, 66, 75, 95
See also killings, political
Narbo, x, 86
Nasica, Publius Scipio, 32, 35–36, 40, 48
navy, Greek, 189
Nearer Spain, 6, 47
Nerva, Publius Licinius, 132
New Man. See novus homo
Nicomedes III (King of Bithynia), xiii, 175, 186, 187
Nicomedes IV (King of Bithynia), 187, 188
nobile, 10, 12, 56, 60, 137