Nola, 206, 207
noncitizens
citizenship reform and, x, 61–63, 67, 71–72, 161–165, 178–179, 207–208, 225–226, 229, 255
foreign provincials as, 262
Italians as, 25, 43, 71, 162–165, 168, 229
Lex Agraria and, 25, 28
population, 43
Roman citizenship for some, 178–179, 225–226
See also Allies
Nonius, xii, 152
Norbanus, Gaius
consulship of, 227–228
as governor of Sicily, 226
military and, 231–233, 240
proscriptions and, 247, 249
violence and, 138, 145
Noreia, x, 101–102, 106, 124, 141
North Africa
Bocchus and, 122
colonies, 72–73, 74, 199
famine in, 68
Masinissa and, 88
novus homo (New Man)
discrimination against, 10, 11, 13, 83, 92, 117, 125
military and, 81–82, 84–86
populare assault and, 106
Numa (King of Rome), 3
Numantia, fall of, ix, 40–41, 56, 63, 82, 88
Numantines, 22–23
Numidia (Algeria)
bribery and, 88, 90, 94, 102, 105
cavalry, 88, 107
Gaius Marius in, 108–111, 117–119, 122, 124
Opimius in, 89–90
political killings in, 93–94, 97
Quintus Caecilius Metellus (Numidicus) in, xi, 103–112, 117–118
Sallust on war in, 106
Scaurus in, 93, 94–95, 102
Sulla in, 118–119, 122–124
treasury, 89, 110
See also Jugurtha
Numidicus, Metellus. See Metellus, Quintus Caecilius (Numidicus)
Octavius, Gnaeus
consulship of, 204–205, 206
military and, 210
murder of, 212
plebs urbana and, 206–207, 210
Octavius, Marcus, 29–31, 67
oligarchy
rise of, 8–10, 260
secret ballots to defy, 22
On the Orators (Cicero), 169
Opimius, Lucius
consulship of, 73–77
against Gaius Gracchus, 75–78
in Numidia, 89–90
sack of Fregellae and, x, 63
optimates, as political faction, 52, 79–80, 83, 106, 154, 169
Oracle at Delphi, 86, 121, 214
the Orator. See Crassus, Lucius Licinius
oratory, 169
Antonius and, 66
Crassus and, 83–84, 86, 120–121
Gracchi and, 28
theatrical, 60, 64–65
Orchomenus, xiii, 218
Ostia, 137, 199, 210
Palatine Hill, 76, 212
Parthian Empire, 175
Paterculus, Velleius
on dangerous precedents, 37
on fortunes of families, 174
on Cinna, 223
“path of honors.” See cursus honorum
patricians, 3, 4, 10
patrons. See client-patron networks
Paullus, Lucius Aemilius, 6–7
Pausanias, on madness, 14
peasants
with anarchy, 46
army, 48, 107
colonies and, 68
with Gaius Marius, 200
optimates and, 152
as tenant-farmers, 20–21
Pergamum, 33, 40, 46, 48, 49, 188
See also Asia; Attalus III
Perseus (King of Macedon), 6
Persian Empire, 175
Philip V (King of Macedon), 5–6
Philippus, Lucius Marcius, 134, 168–170, 173, 231
Phrygia, 49
Picenum, 179, 189, 234, 239, 255
Piraeus, 209, 214
Pius, Metellus. See Metellus, Quintus Caecilius (Pius)
Placenta, 210
plague
of locusts, 68
military and, 210
Plebeian Assembly, 3, 9, 264–265
plebeians
as clients, 4
Conflict of the Orders and, 3, 10
plebs urbana (residents of Rome)
Anti-Senate and, 192
citizenship reform and, 62, 226
conscription of, 114
food shortage and, 181
Gaius Marius and, 70, 87, 152, 157, 261
grain prices and, 68–69, 87, 153–154, 167–168
Lex Julia and, 182
Octavius and, 206–207, 210
Sulla and, 226, 238–239, 246
voting and, 44
wage labor and, 43
Plutarch
on first sedition at Rome, 36
on the Gracchi, 28, 59–60, 74, 79
on history repeating itself, xxi
on military leadership, 109, 129
on Sulla, 238
politics. See killings, political; Senate
Pollux. See Temple of Castor and Pollux
Polybius
in exile in Rome, 7–8
on glory of Rome, 1
as mentor, 15
Roman constitution and, 9, 10, 260
on Senate, 33
Pomerium, 35, 197, 198, 245
Pompeii, 181
Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus (Pompey the Great)
birth of, xi
Cicero on, 227
legacy, 263
military and, 177, 264
proscriptions and, 249
with Sulla, xiv, 230–231, 235
Pompeius Rufus, Quintus (the Elder)
consular elections and, xiii, 190–191
murder of, 205
Sulla and, 192–193
Pompeius Rufus, Quintus (the Younger), 193
Pompeius Strabo, Gnaeus (Pompey the Elder)
in Asculum, xiii, 177, 179–180, 205, 207
consulship of, 178–180
death of, 210
Lex Pompeia and, 179
military and, 177–180, 205, 207, 210, 220
in Picenum and Cisalpine Gaul, 179, 189
violence and, 174
pontifex maximus, 32, 35
pontiffs, 134
Pontus
Bithynia and, 175
cavalry, 188
history, 185–187
invasion of, 188–189
Phrygia and, 49
Rome and, 147, 183
See also Mithridates VI
Popillius, Gaius, 119–120
populares, as political faction
Gaius Marius and, 152
return of, 106
Sallust on, 79–80
Senate and, 133–135
population
citizens and noncitizens, 43
Rome, 43, 261
slaves, 43
populus Romanus. See citizens, Roman
posts, heads on, 212, 213, 242, 251
poverty
cash economy and, 43
military service and, 20, 21, 114
See also wealth
power
deposition and, 30–31
Dictatorship, xiv, 8–9, 251–257
magistrates with abuse of, 162–163
proconsular, 262, 265
senatus consultum ultimum and, 75, 157, 198, 205, 227
Sulla with withdrawal of, 257–258
tribunes with less, 253, 259
veto, 29–30, 96
violence and, 35–36, 152–153, 166, 168
Praeneste, xiv, 206, 236–237, 240, 242
praetors, 11, 90–92, 122, 123
prices, grain, 68–69, 78, 87, 153–154, 167–168
priesthood, 134, 158, 182, 206
princeps senatus, 18, 53, 105–106
proconsul
Carbo as, 227
with conquered gold and silver, 19
honorary role of, 256
power of, 262, 265
Scipio Aemilianus as, 88
Sextus Caesar as, 174, 177
proscriptions
abuse of, 249–250, 259, 264
defined, 247
exile with, 263
profit from, 248
role of, xiv
provincae, administration in, 47–48
public works projects, roads, 68, 78, 86
publicani
Cinna and, 216
with commerce, 50–52, 56
contracts for, 50–51, 69–70, 84, 91
corruption and, 165–166
with debt crisis, 181–182
land redistribution opposed by, 168–169
with tax-farming contracts, 69, 132
publicly owned land. See ager publicus
Punic Wars, 5, 6
conscription and, 19–20
Second, 19, 88, 114, 136
Pyrenees, 85, 119
quaestio de repetundis. See Extortion Court
quaestors
Aemilianus as, 12
Gaius Gracchus as, 63–65
Lucullus as, 195
Marius as, 85
Mummius as, 10–11
Saturninus as, 133–134, 137–138
Sulla as, xi, 114, 117
Tiberius Gracchus as, 22–23
with treasury, 11, 47, 152, 153
Raudian Plain, xii, 148–149, 212
Ravenna, 239
redistribution, of land, 134, 154, 161–162, 168–170
Remus, 2
rent, land with free, 73
residents of Rome. See plebs urbana