revolts
Asculum, 171–172, 180
Extortion Court and, 48, 78, 153
Fregellae, x, 62–63, 65, 105, 163
of Jugurtha, 110–111
slaves, xi, 40, 44, 45–46, 48–49, 57, 131–133, 139–140, 145, 263
roads
Via Domitia, 86
repair, 68, 78
Rome
cash economy in, 43
with enemies of state, 197–202, 211–213
expansion, 85–86
founding of, 2–3, 4, 9, 150
Italians with expulsion from, 164, 229
military in, 197–202, 210–213
population, 43, 261
See also citizens, Roman; citizenship, Roman; plebs urbana
Romulus (King of Rome), 2, 3, 4, 9, 150
Rupilius, Publius, 39, 46, 67
Rutilius Rufus, Publius,
military innovations, 130
trial and exile, 165–166
Sabaco, Cassius, 91
Sacred Geese, 50
Sallust
on bribery, 102
on civil war, 99
on populares and optimates, 79–80
on poverty and military service, 114
on Scaurus, 83
on Sulla, 118
on war in Numidia, 106
on wealth and power, 203
on wealth of Roman citizens, 59
Salluvii tribe, 85–86
salons, culture, 79
Samnite Wars, 4
Samnites, 172, 207–208, 242
Samnium, 229
Sardinia, 47, 63–65
Saturn. See Temple of Saturn
Saturninus, Lucius Appuleius
with duties relieved by Senate, xi
with Gracchan legacy, 146
land-for-veterans proposal and, 139
mob tactics and, xii, 145, 147–148, 157–158, 226, 251
as quaestor, 133–134, 137–138
Sulpicius on, 192
treason court and, 254
as tribune, 152–158
Saufeius, Gaius, 152, 157
Scaevola, Publius Mucius
in Asia, xii, 165–166
citizenship reform and, 164
Crassus and, 120, 169, 229
Lex Agraria and, 25
murder of, 237–238
Nasica and, 35
Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius
Ahenobarbus and, 134
as censor, 167
consulship of, 91
corruption and, 90
death of, 191
Extortion Court and, 166
in Numidia, 93, 94–95, 102
as princeps senatus, 93, 105–106, 137, 173
Sallust on, 83
Scordisci tribe, x, 101–102
Second Punic War, 19, 88, 114, 136
Second Servile War, 133, 150–151
secret ballots
judicial assemblies, ix, 22
for legislative assemblies, x, 42
voting, ix, x, 22, 42, 53, 79, 86–87
seers, 199–200
Senate
Anti-Senate, 192–193, 195
with Carthage, 5–6, 12–13
with citizenship reform, 62
class hierarchy in, 10–11
commerce and, 51–52, 56
with Dictatorship, 9
election reforms in, 22
Extortion Court and, 48
with Macedon, 6–7
overreach of, 9–10
political killings in, 35–37, 41, 60, 66, 74–75
Sulla and, 198, 221
with wealth, displays of, 19
Senate’s Final Decree (senatus consultum ultimum), 75, 157, 198, 205, 227
Sertorius, Quintus
Cimbri and, 126
Cisalpine Gaul and, 226
military and, 210, 232–235
proscriptions and, 247
against Sulla, 206–207, 232–233, 263
violence and, 174, 213
Servius Tullius (King of Rome), 3
Sicily, 47, 48
grain from, 44–45, 226
with Norbanus as governor, 226
slave revolt, 45–46, 131
Silanus, Marcus Junius, 106–107, 119
Silanus, Titus Turpilius, 110
Silo, Quintus Poppaedius
citizenship for Italians and, 161–162, 168, 170–171
death of, xiii
Marsi and, 172, 177, 180, 182–183
silver, 90
conquered, 6, 19, 51, 108, 121
for temples, 6
Sinope, 185, 186
slaves
abuse of, 162–163, 199
captured, 11, 12, 126, 127, 149
Diodorus on, 51
election fraud with, 90–91
First Servile War, ix, 45, 132
Gaius Gracchus and, 77
with Gaius Marius, 201
from Greece, 7
land worked by, 20–21
in military, 114, 133, 150–151, 180, 196
population, 43
revolts, xi, 40, 44, 45–46, 48–49, 57, 131–133, 139–140, 145, 263
Second Servile War, 133, 150–151
with suicide, 142
social reform
land and, ix, 20–21, 24–25, 27–34, 40, 54–57, 67–68, 154
Lex Julia, xiii, 178, 182, 206
unemployment and, 20–21
Social War (Marsic War, War Against the Allies), 164
aftermath of, 181–182
in historical context, 229
start of, xii, 171–173
socii, 53, 172
soothsayers, 109, 199–200
Spain, 82, 263
annexation of, 6
banditry in, x
conscription and, 21–22
Further, 6, 11, 47, 91
Nearer, 6, 47
resistance in, 21, 26, 48
roads, 86
silver in, 6, 19
Spartacus, 263
Spiked Boots, 209, 211–213
Strabo (geographer), 100
Strabo, Gnaeus Pompeius. See Pompeius Strabo, Gnaeus (Pompey the Elder)
Suessa, 233
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius
in Athens, xiii, 212–214
Cinna (cos. 87–84) and, 205–206, 221–223
as conqueror of Rome, 197–202
consulship of, xiii, 190–193, 203–205, 256
death of, 257–258
with Dictatorship, xiv, 251–257
with enemies of state, 197–202
as enemy of state, 211–213
Fortuna and, 191, 195, 242, 256, 257
indictment of, 205–206
legacy, 258–260
marriage and, 191
Marius and 116, 118, 122, 128, 131, 149, 175–176, 193, 195–197, 199–200, 214
military and, 114, 116–119, 122–123, 131, 136, 149, 180–181, 185, 189, 193–197, 200–202, 205–209, 217–220, 235–242
Mithridates VI and, 219–220
mos maiorum and, 194, 197
opposition to, 226–228, 231–241, 264
with plebs urbana, 226, 238–239, 246
Plutarch on, 238
with power withdrawal, 257–258
with proscriptions, xiv, 247–250, 259, 263, 264
as quaestor, xi, 114, 117
rise of, xii, xiv, 115–117, 122, 128, 142, 174–176, 221
rule of, 252–257
Sallust on, 118
with Samnites, massacre of, 237, 242, 246
Senate and, 198, 221
supporters of, xiv, 230–235
Sulpicius Rufus, Publius, 169
consular elections and, 190–191
as enemy of state, 197–198, 199
Sulla and, 195–197
as tribune, 191–193, 195–196
Sura, 208
Tarentum, 68
Tarpeian Rock, 199, 249
taxes
Asia and, 165–166, 228
collection, 47, 51, 165–166, 228
contracts, 51
cuts, 7
debt and, 216
exemptions, 49, 189, 220, 262
tax-farming contracts, 69, 132, 163
Telesinus, 241–242
Temple of Bellona, 245–246
Temple of Castor and Pollux, 193
Temple of Concord, 80
Temple of Diana, 76
Temple of Fides, 35
Temple of Jupiter, 12, 28, 35, 36, 212
Temple of Saturn, 30, 121, 155
Temple of the Vesta, 238
temples
graffiti on, 80
silver for, 6
tenant-farmers, landlords and, 20–21
Terracina, 199
Teutones, xii, 100, 140–141, 144, 148
Thala, 111–112
theatrical oratory, 60, 64–65
Thracians, 186, 208
Tibur, 206
Tifata, 232
Tigranes I (King of Armenia), xii, 187
Tigurini tribe, xi, 119–120, 140–141
Tolosa, gold, xi, 121, 124, 134
torture
of Adherbal, 93
with gold, 202
transportation. See roads
treason court, 254
treasure, cursed, 121
treasury
Attalus and, 33
fraud and, 258
Gaius Gracchus and, 69
in Macedon, 6
in Numidia, 89, 110
quaestors with, 11, 47, 152, 153
Tiberius Gracchus and, 30
Tribal Assembly, 9
Tribunals
Anti-Gracchan, 39–40
Mamilian Commission, xi, 105–106
reforms, 67, 138