12History of the People of Israel, vol. v, p. 338.
13It was in reference to this debate that Friedrich Schlegel said, “Every man is born either a Platonist or an Aristotelian” (in Benn, i, 291).
14Benn, i, 307.
15Inferno, iii, 60.
16Life of Jesus, ch. 28.
17Cf. Osborn, From the Greeks to Darwin; and M. Arnold, Empedocles on Etna.
18Advancement of Learning, bk. iii, ch. 4.
19Hist. Animalium, viii.
20De Anima, ii, 2.
21De Partibus Animalium, i, 7; ii, 10.
22Ibid., iv, 5–6.
23De Anima, ii, 4.
24De Part. An., iv, 10.
25Gomprez iv, 57; Zeller, i, 262, note; Lewes, 158, 165, etc.
26Hist. An. i, 6; ii, 8.
27Ibid., viii, 1.
28Politics, i, 8.
29Hist. An. i, 6; ii, 8.
30De Generatione Animalium, ii, 12.
31De Part. An., iii, 4.
32Lewes, 112.
33Gomprez, iv, 169.
34Half of our readers will be pleased, and the other half amused, to learn that among Aristotle’s favorite examples of matter and form are woman and man; the male is the active, formative principle; the female is passive clay, waiting to be formed. Female offspring are the result of the failure of form to dominate matter (De Gen. An., i, 2).
35Entelecheia—having (echo) its purpose (telos) within (entos); one of those magnificent Aristotelian terms which gather up into themselves a whole philosophy.
36Ethics, i, 10; Zeller, ii, 329.
37Metaphysics, ix, 7.
38Ibid., xii, 8.
39Grant, 173.
40Meta., xii, 8; Ethics, x, 8.
41Ethics, iii, 7.
42De Anima, ii.
43De Anima, ii, 4; i, 4; iii, 5.
44Poetics, i, 1447.
45Aristotle gives only one sentence to unity of time; and does not mention unity of place; so that the “three unities” commonly foisted upon him are later inventions (Norwood, Greek Tragedy, p. 42, note).
46Poetics, vi, 1449.
47Ethics, i, 7.
48The word excellence is probably the fittest translation of the Greek arete, usually mistranslated virtue. The reader will avoid misunderstanding Plato and Aristotle if, where translators write virtue, he will substitute excellence, ability, or capacity. The Greek arete is the Roman virtus; both imply a masculine sort of excellence (Ares, god of war; vir, a male). Classical antiquity conceived virtue in terms of man, just as medieval Christianity conceived it in terms of woman.
49Ethics, i, 7.
50Ethics, ii, 4.
51Ibid., i, 7.
52“The vanity of Antisthenes” the Cynic, said Plato, “peeps out through the holes in his cloak.”
53Ethics, ii, 9.
54Ibid., ii, 8.
55The Birth of Tragedy.
56Cf. a sociological formulation of the same idea: “Values are never absolute, but only relative . . . . A certain quality in human nature is deemed to be less abundant than it ought to be; therefore we place a value upon it, and . . . encourage and cultivate it. As a result of this valuation we call it a virtue; but if the same quality should become superabundant we should call it a vice and try to repress it.”—Carver, Essays in Social Justice.
57Ethics, viii and ix.
58Ibid., x, 7.
59Ethics, iv, 3.
60Politics, ii, 8.
61Ibid., v, 8.
62Ibid., ii, 5.
63Ibid., ii, 3.
64Ibid., ii, 4.
65Politics, ii, 3.
66Ibid., ii, 5.
67Ibid. Note that conservatives are pessimists, and radicals are optimists, about human nature, which is probably neither so good nor so bad as they would like to believe, and may be not so much nature as early training and environment.
68Ibid., i, 10.
69Ibid., i, 5.
70Ibid., i, 2. Perhaps slave is too harsh a rendering of doulos; the word was merely a frank recognition of a brutal fact which in our day is perfumed with talk about the dignity of labor and the brotherhood of man. We easily excel the ancients in making phrases.
71Ibid., i, 5.
72Ibid., i, 4.
73Politics, iii, 3; vii, 8.
74Ibid., iii, 5.
75Ibid., i, 10. This view influenced the medieval prohibition of interest.
76Ibid., i, 11. Aristotle adds that philosophers could succeed in such fields if they cared to descend into them; and he proudly points to Thales, who, foreseeing a good harvest, bought up all the reapers in his city, and then, at harvest time, sold them at his own sweet price; whereupon Aristotle observes that the universal secret of great riches is the creation of a monopoly.
77De Gen. Animalium, ii, 3; Hist. Animalium, viii, 1; Pol., i, 5. Cf. Weininger; and Meredith’s “Woman will be the last thing civilized by man” (Ordeal of Richard Feverel, p. 1). It appears, however, that man was (or will be) the last thing civilized by woman; for the great civilizing agencies are the family and a settled economic life; and both of these are the creations of woman.
78Politics, i, 13.
79Ibid., vii, 16. It is apparent that Aristotle has in mind only the temperance of women; the moral effect of deferred marriage upon men does not seem to agitate him.