121Z., 86.
122Ellis, 39.
123Quoted by Ellis, 80.
124W. P., i, 24.
125Cf. the essay on Nietzsche in Gould’s Biographical Clinic.
126Figgis, 43.
127E. H., 20; cf. Nordau, 465.
128E. H., 55.
129“The right man in the right place,” says the brutal Nordau.
1Creative Evolution, New York, 1911; pp. 7, 15, 5, 6, 1.
2Ibid., 179, 262.
3Matter and Memory, London, 1919; p. 303.
4Creative Evolution, p. 264. This is an example of Bergson’s facility in replacing argument with analogy, and of his tendency to exaggerate the gap between animals and men. Philosophy should not flatter. Jérome Coignard was wiser, and “would have refused to sign the Declaration of the Rights of Man, because of the sharp and unwarranted distinction it drew between man and the gorilla.”
5Ibid., p. 270.
6Mind-Energy, New York, 1920; p. 11.
7Creative Evolution, p. ix.
8Cf. Nietzsche: “Being is a fiction invented by those who suffer from becoming.”—Birth of Tragedy, p. xxvii.
9Creative Evolution, p. 32.
10Ibid., p. 31.
11Introduction to Metaphysics, p. 14.
12In Ruhe, The Philosophy of Bergson, p. 37; Creative Evolution, pp. 258 and xii.
13Ibid., pp. 11 and 35.
14The organs of the growing embryo are built up out of one or another of three layers of tissues; the external layer, or ectoderm; the intermediate layer, or mesoderm; and the internal layer, or endoderm.
15Creative Evolution, pp. 64 and 75.
16Matter and Memory, ch. ii.
17Creative Evolution, p. 89.
18Ibid., p. 132.
19Ibid., p. 248.
20Bergson thinks the evidence for telepathy is overwhelming. He was one of those who examined Eusapia Palladino and reported in favor of her sincerity. In 1913 he accepted the presidency of the Society for Psychical Research. Cf. Mind-Energy, p. 81.
21Creative Evolution, p. 271.
22In Ruhe, p. 47.
23As with Schopenhauer, so with Bergson, the reader will do well to pass by all summaries and march resolutely through the philosopher’s chef-d’œuvre itself. Wildon Carr’s exposition is unduly worshipful, Hugh Elliott’s unduly disparaging; they cancel each other into confusion. The Introduction to Metaphysics is as simple as one may expect of metaphysics; and the essay on Laughter, though one-sided, is enjoyable and fruitful.
24Cf. the famous pages on “The Stream of Thought” in James’s Principles of Psychology, New York, 1890; vol. i, ch. 9.
25Bergson’s arguments, however, are not all impregnable: the appearance of similar effects (like sex or sight) in different lines might be the mechanical resultant of similar environmental exigencies; and many of the difficulties of Darwinism would find a solution if later research should justify Darwin’s belief in the partial transmission of characters repeatedly acquired by successive generations.
26In Piccoli: Benedetto Croce, New York, 1922; p. 72.
27Esthetic. Engl. tr., p. 63.
28On History, Engl. tr., p. 34.
29Ibid., p. 32.
30Esthetic, p. 1.
31In Carr; The Philosophy of Benedetto Croce, London, 1917; p. 35.
32Esthetic, p. 50.
33In Carr, p. 72.
34Esthetic, p. 79.
35Anatole France, On Life and Letters, Engl. tr., vol. ii, pp. 113 and 176.
36Mysticism and Logic, London, 1919; p. 241.
37Ibid., p. 60.
38P. 64.
39P. 95.
40Not that one would recommend Russell’s mathematical volumes to the lay reader. The Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy sets out with a specious intelligibility, but soon makes demands which only a specialist in mathematics can meet. Even the little book on The Problems of Philosophy, though intended to be popular, is difficult, and unnecessarily epistemological; the larger volume, Mysticism and Logic, is much clearer and closer to the earth. The Philosophy of Leibnitz is a fine exposition of a great thinker, ignored in these limited pages. The twin volumes on The Analysis of Mind and The Analysis of Matter will serve to bring the reader up to date with certain aspects of psychology and physics. The post-war books are easy reading; and though they suffer from the confusion natural to a man whose idealism is slipping into disillusionment, they are interesting and worth while. Why Men Fight is still the best of these tracts for the times. Roads to Freedom is a genial survey of social philosophies as old as Diogenes, which Russell rediscovers with all the enthusiasm of a Columbus.
41Mysticism and Logic, p. 3. The Problems of Philosophy, p. 156.
42Mysticism and Logic, pp. 76 and 75.
43Why Men Fight, New York, 1917; p. 45.
44Mysticism and Logic, pp. 76 and 75.
45Ibid., p. 106.
46Why Men Fight, p. 134.
47Ibid., pp. 101, 248; 256; Mysticism and Logic, p. 108.
48Interview in New York World, May 4, 1924.
1Cf. his own analysis of the two Americas: “America is not simply a young country with an old mentality; it is a country with two mentalities, one a survival of the beliefs and standards of the fathers, the other an expression of the instincts, practices and discoveries of the younger generations. In all the higher things of the mind—in religion, in literature, in the moral emotions—it is the hereditary spirit that prevails, so much so that Mr. Bernard Shaw finds that America is a hundred years behind the times. The truth is that one-half of the American mind has remained, I will not say high and dry, but slightly becalmed; it has floated gently in the back-water, while alongside, in invention and industry and social organization, the other half of the mind was leaping down a sort of Niagara Rapids. This may be found symbolized in American architecture . . . . The American Will inhabits the skyscraper; the American Intellect inhabits the colonial mansion.”—Winds of Doctrine, New York, 1913; p. 188.
2Horace Kallen in The Journal of Philosophy, Sept. 29, 1921; vol. 18, p. 534.
3Character and Opinion in the United States, New York, 1921; end of first chapter.
4These are, chiefly: Three Philosophical Poets (1910)—classic lectures on Lucretius, Dante and Goethe: Winds of Doctrine (1913); Egotism in German Philosophy (1916); Character and Opinion in the United States (1921); and Soliloquies in England (1922). All of these are worth reading, and rather easier than the Life of Reason. Of this the finest volume is Reason in Religion. Little Essays from the Writings of George Santayana, edited by L. P. Smith, and arranged by Santayana himself, is an admirable selection.