police officers are more likely to fire: Aldert Vrij et al., “Aggression of Police Officers as a Function of Temperature: An Experiment with the Fire Arms Training System,” Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 4, no. 5 (December 1994): pp. 365–70, https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2450040505.
an additional 22,000 murders: Matthew Ranson, “Crime, Weather, and Climate Change,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 67, no. 3 (May 2014): pp. 274–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2013.11.008.
every single crime category: Jackson G. Lu et al., “Polluted Morality: Air Pollution Predicts Criminal Activity and Unethical Behavior,” Psychological Science 29, no. 3 (February 2018): pp. 340–55, https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617735807.
“food insecure”: Nett and Rüttinger, “Insurgency, Terrorism and Organised Crime,” p. 37.
organized crime…exploded: Ibid., p. 39.
Sicilian mafia was produced by drought: Daron Acemoglu, Giuseppe De Feo, and Giacomo De Luca, “Weak States: Causes and Consequences of the Sicilian Mafia,” VOX CEPR Policy Portal, March 2, 2018, https://voxeu.org/article/causes-and-consequences-sicilian-mafia.
fifth-highest homicide rate: Nett and Rüttinger, “Insurgency, Terrorism and Organised Crime,” p. 35.
second most dangerous country in the world for children: UNICEF, Hidden in Plain Sight: A Statistical Analysis of Violence Against Children (New York: United Nations Children’s Fund, 2014), p. 35, http://files.unicef.org/publications/files/Hidden_in_plain_sight_statistical_analysis_EN_3_Sept_2014.pdf.
could make both of them ungrowable: Pablo Imbach et al., “Coupling of Pollination Services and Coffee Suitability from Climate Change,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 39 (September 2017): pp. 10438–42, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617940114; Martina K. Linnenluecke et al., “Implications of Climate Change for the Sugarcane Industry,” WIREs Climate Change 9, no. 1 (January–February 2018), https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.498.
“Systems”
22 million of them: “In Photos: Climate Change, Disasters and Displacement,” UNHCR: The U.N. Refugee Agency, January 1, 2015, www.unhcr.org/en-us/climate-change-and-disasters.html.
60,000 climate migrants: Emily Schmall and Frank Bajak, “FEMA Sees Trailers Only as Last Resort After Harvey, Irma,” Associated Press, September 10, 2017, https://apnews.com/7716fb84835b48808839fbc888e96fb7.
the evacuation of nearly 7 million: Greg Allen, “Lessons from Hurricane Irma: When to Evacuate and When to Shelter in Place,” NPR, June 1, 2018, www.npr.org/2018/06/01/615293318/lessons-from-hurricane-irma-when-to-evacuate-and-when-to-shelter-in-place.
13 million Americans: Andrew D. King and Luke J. Harrington, “The Inequality of Climate Change from 1.5 to 2°C of Global Warming,” Geophysical Research Letters 45, no. 10 (May 2018): pp. 5030–33, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078430.
greatest in the world’s least developed: Ibid.
In 2011, a single heat wave: Katinka X. Ruthrof et al., “Subcontinental Heat Wave Triggers Terrestrial and Marine, Multi-Taxa Responses,” Scientific Reports 8 (August 2018): p. 13094, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31236-5.
“current and existential national security risk”: Parliament of Australia, “Implications of Climate Change for Australia’s National Security, Final Report, Chapter 2,” www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Foreign_Affairs_Defence_and_Trade/Nationalsecurity/Final%20Report/c02; Ben Doherty, “Climate Change an ‘Existential Security Risk’ to Australia, Senate Inquiry Says.” The Guardian, May 17, 2018.
More than 140 million: World Bank, Groundswelclass="underline" Preparing for Internal Climate Migration (Washington, D.C., 2018), p. xix, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29461.
as many as a billion migrants: International Organization for Migration, “Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence,” United Nations (Geneva, 2009), p. 43.
more than two-thirds of outbreaks: Frank C. Curriero et al., “The Association Between Extreme Precipitation and Waterborne Disease Outbreaks in the United States, 1948–1994,” American Journal of Public Health 91, no. 8 (August 2001), https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.91.8.1194.
more than 400,000 in Milwaukee: William R. Mac Kenzie et al., “A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted Through the Public Water Supply,” The New England Journal of Medicine 331 (July 1994): pp. 161–67, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199407213310304.
in Vietnam, those who passed: Thuan Q. Thai and Evangelos M. Falaris, “Child Schooling, Child Health, and Rainfall Shocks: Evidence from Rural Vietnam” (Max Planck Institute working paper, September 2011), www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2011-011.pdf.
In India, the same cycle-of-poverty pattern: Santosh Kumar, Ramona Molitor, and Sebastian Vollmer, “Children of Drought: Rainfall Shocks and Early Child Health in Rural India” (working paper, 2014); Santosh Kumar and Sebastian Vollmer, “Drought and Early Childhood Health in Rural India,” Population and Development Review (2016).
diminishing cognitive ability: R. K. Phalkey et al., “Systematic Review of Current Efforts to Quantify the Impacts of Climate Change on Undernutrition,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 33 (August 2015): pp. E4522–29, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1409769112; Charmian M. Bennett and Sharon Friel, “Impacts of Climate Change on Inequities in Child Health,” Children 1, no. 3 (December 2014): pp. 461–73, https://doi.org/10.3390/children1030461; Iffat Ghani et al., “Climate Change and Its Impact on Nutritional Status and Health of Children,” British Journal of Applied Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (2017): pp. 1–15, https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2017/33276; Kristina Reinhardt and Jessica Fanzo, “Addressing Chronic Malnutrition Through Multi-Sectoral, Sustainable Approaches,” Frontiers in Nutrition 1, no. 13 (August 2014), https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2014.00013.
In Ecuador, climate damage: Ram Fishman et al., “Long-Term Impacts of High Temperatures on Economic Productivity” (George Washington University Institute for International Economic Policy working paper, October 2015), https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/gwiwpaper/2015-18.htm.
measurable declines: Adam Isen et al., “Relationship Between Season of Birth, Temperature Exposure, and Later Life Well-Being,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 51 (December 2017): pp. 13447–52, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702436114.
An enormous study in Taiwan: C. R. Jung et al., “Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Newly-Diagnosed Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 44, no. 2 (2015): pp. 573–84, https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-140855.
Similar patterns: Emily Underwood, “The Polluted Brain,” Science 355, no. 6323 (January 2017): pp. 342–45, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.355.6323.342.
“Want to fight climate change?”: Damian Carrington, “Want to Fight Climate Change? Have Fewer Children,” The Guardian, July 12, 2017.