Dzerzhinsky, Feliks, 283, 284
Dzhugashvili, Iakov, 411
Dzhugashvili, Vasily, 395, 402
Eastern China Railway, 240
East Germany, Soviet rule, 537
economy
agricultural sector, terminal decline, 87
boom (1950s), 561
civilian and Gulag, merging, 468
forced labour in, 467
market, return to (1921), 5, 6–7
mixed, 6–7, 65, 71, 466n
planned, 5–6, 81, 171, 423, 466–7, 471
post-war, 457–8, 466–7
prisoners’ contribution, 638, 640
reform, discussion of, 444
ruin (1921), 5
tempo, speeding up, 187
wartime, 423, 425–31,466
See also New Economic Policy (NEP)
‘economy of favours’ (blat), 172, 182
education, Bolshevik policy, 20–25
Ehrenburg, Ilia, 335, 410, 421, 459, 492, 494, 495, 590–91
attacked, 494, 495n
and hate campaign (1941), 414
Simonov and, 591, 625–6
Eidinov, Aleksandr, 515
Eikhmans, Fyodor, 210
Eisenstein, Sergei, 270
Eismont, N. B., 154
Elagin family, 478–9
Eliashov family, 16–18, 188, 462–4
elite (Soviet),
children of, 276–7
dachas granted to, 161, 163, 165
family and political allegiance, 248
Party members as, 32–3, 68
post-war, 470–73
resentment of, 263–4, 274, 508
Emergency Measures (1928), 82
emigrés, return, 482
‘enemies of the people’, 91
belief in, 137, 145, 262, 272, 273, 274–6
children of, 145, 257, 274–5, 435, 452, 473, 474, 510
denunciation, 277, 473, 474
evidence fabricated, 231
families helped, 292–8
families ostracized, 285–92
families separated, 316, 335
hidden, 278
purge (1937–8), 352
See also arrests
Engels, Friedrich, 155n
engineers
acceptance of planned economy, 471
arrest, 113
demand for, 118, 153, 471
purged (1928–32), 153
Epshtein family, 511–12
Erofeev family, 626–7
Estonia, 372–3, 469, 470, 531
Estonians, post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469
Etinger, Iakov, 521
etiquette, 158–9eviction, 57, 107, 115, 141, 174, 219, 250, 256, 266, 286, 288, 290, 291, 292, 305, 308, 324, 367, 509, 660
executions (1930s), 238–9, 241, 248, 285, 311
exiles, 192, 201, 248, 292
children, 106, 108, 116, 143, 145, 297, 320, 350, 351, 353, 354, 356, 358–9, 363–4, 462
escape, 105–10
and family, value, 218
‘kulaks’, 85, 87–91, 93, 94, 95, 99–106, 186
parcels sent to, 142, 203, 278, 311, 331, 332, 359, 360, 361
‘specialists’, 214–15, 216
factories
transported east (1941), 388, 423
wartime destruction, 457
Factory Apprentice Schools (FZU), 63, 64, 118, 138, 139, 153
Fadeyev, Aleksandr, 3n, 461n, 482, 494–5&n, 495, 496, 498, 589–90
Fadeyev, Seryozha, 129
Faivisovich family, 326, 568–70 (569), 599–600, 644–5
family
as basic unit of state, 162
bourgeois, 8
collective responsibility for crime, 248–9, 300–307, 308
disintegration, 99
egotism of, 82
eradication, 8–9, 10–11, 160
patriarchal, 50, 53
‘petty-bourgeois’, 20
as primary unit of production and consumption, 9
reconstitution (1945–6), 449
renouncing, 130–32
restoration, 161–4
sexual politics, 164
stability under pressure, 540–48
trust, Great Terror and, 298–313
value placed on, 218
family life
influences on, 48–50
prisoners and, 216–17, 220–26
famine (1921), 5–6, 43, 49 (1932–3), 81, 98, 103–4, 273
post-war, 457
Far Eastern Army, 289
Far Eastern Timber Trust, 289
farming, see agriculture
Far North labour camps, 112, 113, 123, 357, 362, 467, 515, 517
Fascism, struggle against, 37, 192, 200, 230, 236, 373, 374
fashion, 159
fear, 255, 603, 652
children’s, 352
inherited, 645–51
and ostracism, 285–92
of rearrest, 605–6
survivors’, 643
February Revolution (1917), 3
Feuchtwanger, Leon, 482
Fillipova, Aleksandra, 559‘
filtration camps’, 469, 531
Finland, Soviet invasion (1939), 372–3
Finns
in labour army, 424
social exclusion, 137
Firin, Semyon, 192–3
First World War (1914–18), 57, 175, 227, 236, 491
Fischer, Markoosha, 263–4
Five Year Plans, 5–6, 72
‘achievements’, 151, 187, 192, 194
arguments for, 72, 74
capital, raising, 172
hopes of, 200
industrialization programme, 564
‘storm’ production, 187
targets set, 187, 641 (1928–32), 63, 67, 81, 416; asceticism, 158; construction projects, 111, 152; FZUs, 153; growth rates, 111–12; hardships, complaints about, 154; launch, 137; promise of, 111; propaganda, 91, 92, 111, 114, 131; specialists, demand for, 153; target figures, 83, 111–12, 153; vydvizhentsy, 155 (1933–7), 157; efficiency aim, 159n; slogan, 160 (1946–51), 467; construction projects, 467, 468; propaganda, 467; targets set, 467 (1971–5), 640
Fomin, Vladimir, 44
forced labour, 111–12, 151, 467–70
See also slave labour
foreigners
contact with, 493, 558
fear of, 492–3
France
appeasement policy, 371
719
declares war on Germany (1939), 372
negotiations with Soviet Union (1939), 372
Popular Front government (1936), 230
Franco, General Francisco, 230
freedom of expression
post-war, 458, 459
‘thaw’ and, 597–9
wartime, 437–40, 443–6
Frenkel, Naftaly, 112, 114, 564, 565
Frid, Valerii, 26, 242, 259–60, 529, 566
Froebel, Friedrich, 24
Frunze Military Academy, 616
Furmanov, Dmitry, 59
Fursei, Anastasia, 390, 391
Fursei, Georgii, 390, 391, 391, 544, 545, 546
Fursei, Marianna, 389–92, 391, 544–7
Fursei, Nikolai, 389–90FZU, see
Factory Apprentice Schools
Gabaev family, 388–9
Gaidar, Arkadii, 417
Gaister, Inna, 326, 360, 474, 605–6, 607
childhood, 49, 50, 69, 163, 286, 324–5
domestic responsibilities, 324–5
Jewish background, 69, 510
parents’ arrest, 286, 324, 474, 475
schooldays, 297–8
at university, 474
Gaister family, 49, 69, 163, 324, 326, 510, 529
Galitsky, Pavel, 155n
games, childrens’, 24–5, 32–3
Garmash family, 650
Gavrilov, Boris, 45
Gefter, Mikhail, 432
‘generation of 1941’, 416, 419
generation split (1920s), 40–41
German army battle for Stalingrad, 412, 413
containment, 229
drive south-east, 410
hatred of, 414
Karlshorst, surrender, 446
retreat, 421–2, 441
and Russian winter, 393
siege of Leningrad (1941–4), 334–5, 381, 386–7, 388–9, 419, 444, 648
Soviet counter-offensive (1941–2), 393
German family, 389–91, 491, 545
Germany
Britain and France declare war (1939), 372
invasion of Czechoslovakia, 371, 372
invasion of Poland (1939), 372
invasion of Russia (1941), 379–87
Japanese pact (1936), 236
military aggression, 235
Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 372, 373, 374, 381
potential war with, 235–6, 270
Rhineland occupation, 235
See also German army
Gershtein, Emma, 252–3
Gershtein, Margarita, 253–4
Ginzburg, Moisei, 10