banned from front-line service, 355
barred from Pioneers/ Komsomol, 26, 142
campaign against, 34, 79–81, 82, 84–93, 479, 480–81
children of, 90, 99, 131–2, 142–7, 353, 436, 479, 480–81, 656
exclusion, 142
exiled, 82, 85, 87–91, 93, 94, 95, 99–106, 112, 113
industry of, 86, 96
‘malicious’, 82, 87, 88
‘reforging’, 118, 193, 194, 211, 212, 213, 215, 353
returning, arrest and execution (1937–8), 240
runaway, 105, 106–8
as ‘rural bourgeoisie’, 51, 73, 86
social exclusion, 136, 137
use of term, 78n, 86
wartime conscription, 424–5
Kurgan region, 88, 103
Kurin, Leonid, 416
Kursk, 637
battle (1943), 421
post-war gender imbalance, 457
Kuzmin, Kolia, 79, 80, 81, 94–5, 96, 586
Kuznetsov, Aleksei, 466
labour army, 5, 355, 423–5, 467, 526
labour camps, 112–18
children’s homes in, 363, 364, 599–600
conditions, 100, 106, 110, 114–15, 118, 357, 362, 516–17, 530, 532–3
correspondence, 142, 203, 218, 220–22, 224–6, 278, 311, 322, 359, 360–61, 368
as economic venture, 117–18, 208, 423, 425–31, 576
effect on prisoners, 553–60, 563, 571–2
friendships, 565–72
guards, 468, 629–32
knowledge of, 438
legal justification for, 206
‘malicious kulaks’ sent to, 82, 87, 88
marriages, 566–71
material rewards, 196, 468, 470
mortality, 218, 426
murders (1937–8), 234
patriotic pride, 447
penal, 113–15
population growth, 113, 208, 234
prisoners released, 535–7, 538, 540, 542, 552–73
and ‘reforging’, 101, 117, 193–4, 196, 206–7, 207, 215
sexual relations in, 362, 364–6
and Stalin’s death, 529–31, 532–4
strikes and protests (1953–4), 529–34
torture in, 303
‘trusties’, 361
victims’ silence, 560, 564, 565, 599–604, 605–7
voluntary workers, 213, 214–15, 469, 567, 576
See also Gulag system
‘labour-educational colonies’, 99
labour force, 5, 81, 83, 98, 355, 423–5, 467, 526
See also labour camps Large Soviet Encyclopedia, 117
Laskin, Boris, 611
Laskin, Iakov, 382
Laskin, Mark, 67, 280, 447, 524
Laskin, Moisei, 65
Laskin, Samuil, 64, 65–6, 447, 514, 535, 539, 539–40
in exile, 71, 74–5
fish business, 64, 66, 75, 512
Jewish background, 64, 65, 68–9, 516
Laskin family, 64–9, 67, 382, 408, 447, 487, 512, 514, 535, 539, 539–40, 611–12, 614
and Simonov, 518, 612
Laskina, Berta, 65, 68, 69, 74, 447, 512, 513, 514, 514, 515, 516, 535, 539, 614
Laskina, Fania, 65, 66, 67, 68, 74, 148, 148, 152, 394, 447, 512, 515, 518, 539 Laskina, Sonia, 65, 66–7, 74, 394, 408, 447, 514, 517, 540
release from Vorkuta, 535, 572, 573
and Simonov, 514–15
at Stalin Factory, 512, 539
in Vorkuta, 515–17, 566
Laskina, Yevgeniia (Zhenia), 65, 67, 74, 394, 405, 408, 447, 497, 514, 515, 516–17, 517, 540
marriage to Simonov, 198, 369–70, 370, 377, 394, 401, 402
at Moskva, 612&n, 622, 623
and Simonov, 369–70, 405, 512–13, 515, 517–18, 612
Latvia, Soviet invasion (1939), 372–3
Latvian Rifle Brigade, 469
Latvians post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469
seen as spies, 240
Lazarev, Lazar, 433, 434, 439, 441, 616, 624
Lebedev, Yevgeny, 62, 141
Lebedeva, Elena, 320–23, 322, 568
Left Opposition (1920s), 154, 219, 230
‘legality, socialist’, 537
Lend-Lease Agreement, 410, 443
Lenin, V. I., 2
on Bolsheviks, 32
followers of, 579
and mixed economy, 71
and NEP, 6–7, 8, 72
and rebellions (1921), 5, 6
and surveillance, 36
‘Lenin and the Guard’ (Zoshchenko), 489
Leningrad anti-Moscow feeling, 460, 465
anti-Semitism, 511–12
anti-Soviet mood (1941), 385
Astoria Hotel, 14, 192
citizens’ defence, 420
communal apartments, 174, 176, 177, 181, 183, 185
Communist Academy, 204, 205, 207
defence, 444
Ethnographic Museum, 528
Hermitage, 389
House of Pioneers, 329, 330
House of the Soviet, 294
housing conditions (1929), 120–21
housing shortage, 511
Institute of Electrical Engineering, 478
Institute of Pediatrics, 436–7, 652
Institute of Technology, 257
intelligentsia, persecution, 487–92
Kirov Factory, 351
life in, 79–80
mass arrests (1934), 235
Mining Academy, 35
Museum of the Defence of, 466
nobility and bourgeoisie, purging, 192
Party leadership, 465–6
People’s Volunteers, 331
Polytechnic Institute, 344–5, 461, 473, 477
post-war, 461 Public Library, 334, 445–6, 585
Pulkovo Observatory, 365
Red Triangle Factory, 201
siege of (1941–4), 330, 334–5, 381, 386–7, 388–9, 419, 444, 648
Smolny Institute, 1, 3, 43, 44n, 56, 349, 365, 430
Stalin and, 488
symbolic importance, 386
Workers’ Faculty, 344, 345
‘Leningrad Affair’, 466, 473, 512, 537–8
Leningrad journal, 488
Leningrad-Murmansk railway, 115–16 ‘Leningrad Opposition’, 237
Leningrad University, 334, 462, 466, 584, 645
Leninskaia smena
newspaper, 632
Leonhard, Wolfgang, 142–3, 189, 191, 259
Lesgaft, Pyotr, 22
Levanevsky, Sigizmund, 384
Levidova, Ada, 432, 440
Levin, Daniil, 570
Levin family, 570, 571, 598, 650
Levitan, Iurii, 460
Lialia ‘special settlement’, Urals, 133
Liberman family, 645–8
Lie, The (Afinogenov), 256–7
Life and Fate (Grossman), 410, 619
Likhachyov, Ivan, 444
Lileyev, Nikolai, 607–8
Lilina, Zlata, 9
lishentsy, 39n, 66, 67, 74
literacy, rural, 126
literature ‘anti-patriotic groups’, 494, 495, 496, 498, 499, 625
tasks of, 192
and ‘thaw’, 590–91
Literaturnaia gazeta, 483, 518, 519, 520, 591
Lithuania, Soviet invasion (1939), 372–3
Lithuanians, post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469
‘little terror’, post-war, 501
Liubchenko, Oleg, 293
living space austerity, 15, 161
struggle over, 173
urban, 172
Lobacheva, Olga, 430, 566–7
Lobova, Tatiana, 557
Loginov, Yevgeny, 289, 313
Loputina-Epshtein, Olga, 511–12
loyalty display, 37
material reward and, 14, 153, 159, 165, 265
Lugovskoi, Vladimir, 200, 268–9, 270, 408–9, 487, 539
Lukach, General, see Zalka, Mate
Lukonin, Mikhail, 374
Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 8, 20
luxury goods, production, 157–8Lysenko, Trofim, 488
Magadan city, 567, 638
Magadan labour camps, 215, 282, 320, 339, 365, 449, 450, 485, 581, 633
Magnitogorsk, 111, 151, 172, 427
Maiakovsky, V., 15, 489, 625
Mai-Guba logging camp, 209
Makedonov, Adrian, 133
Makhnach, Leonid, 165, 166, 379, 380, 384, 474–5, 563–4, 565
Makhnach, Vladimir, 164–6, 166, 379, 380, 381–3, 563–5, 564
Makhnacha, Maria, 379–81, 563, 565
Maksimov family, 115–16, 116, 601, 602