and family, 9
and grain shortage (1920s), 72
housing ownership rights, 71
introduction (1921), 6–7, 93
market mechanism, 6, 65, 83
overturning, 71–5, 224
peasants and, 52, 86
support, 154
working class resentment, 66, 508
New Year customs, 146n, 163
New York Times, 597
Nicholas II, Tsar, 162
Nikitin family, 287–8
Nikolaev, Mikhail, 125–6, 341–3, 559–60
Nikolina Gora, 163, 286
Niva-GES hydro-electric
station, 313, 314
Nizhny Novgorod, 71, 74, 244
Nizovtsev, Pyotr, 11–13, 48, 264
NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 216, 431, 557, 631
arrests, opposition to, 283
‘blocking units’, 413
career advancement, 208, 283
children’s labour colonies, 329
and child runaways, 343
complaints to, 459
corruption, 283
Danilov Monastery detention centre, 314, 336–7, 343
evidence, fabrication, 231, 234, 235, 237
and families of ‘enemies’, 316
and Great Terror (1937–8), 239, 240, 242
Gulag administration, 208, 426, 631
informers, recruitment, 180, 258–66, 259, 270, 271, 445, 478–81, 587
Katyn massacre (1939), 373
OGPU merger, 113
partisans unit, 469
recruiting grounds, 341
reorganization (1946), 464
and student dissent, 462
torture, use, 303, 427–9 in troikas, 283
Trotsky murders, 248
victims’ passivity, 242
and wartime labour, 423, 424
See also Cheka; KGB; MVD; OGPU
Nomonham Incident (Khalkin Gol), 370–71, 373, 374
Norilsk labour camp complex, 313n, 327, 426–31, 549, 565
conditions, 426–7, 429
Gorlag prison, 530–34
labour force, 327, 430, 468–70
mineral reserves, 327, 426
post-Gulag, 638, 639–41 uprising (1953), 529, 530–34, 579
wages, 470
Norkina, Maia, 330–31
Not by Bread Alone
(Dudsintsev), 592, 615
Novikova, Minora, 177, 182, 186
Novoseltseva, Roza, 275, 439
Novyi mir journal, 483, 484–5, 486, 489, 497, 499, 590, 591, 592, 593, 615
Obolenskaia, Aleksandra, see Ivanisheva, Aleksandra
Obolenskaia, Daria (‘Dolly’), 61, 201–2, 203, 573
Obolenskaia, Liudmila (later Tideman), 61, 201, 202, 203, 573–4
Obolenskaia, Sonia, 61, 202, 203, 204, 573
Obolensky, Leonid, 56
Obolensky, Nikolai, 61
Obolensky family, 56, 58, 201–4
Obruchev, Vladimir, 12
Obukhovo village, 50, 51, 52, 53, 76–81, 121, 586, 654–6
kolkhoz, 76, 93–4, 146
‘October children’, 21
October Revolution (1917), see Revolution (1917)
OGPU (political police), 32–3, 80, 81, 112, 195, 216, 349
Cultural-Educational Department, 198
informers, recruitment, 39, 144‘kulaks’, quotas, 87, 144
and labour camps, 112, 113, 114, 116
NKVD merger, 113
on peasants, 84
searches, 62, 140–41
‘special settlements’, 93, 100
and White Sea Canal tour (1933), 192, 194 See also Cheka; KGB; MVD; NKVD Oklander, Sofya, 567
Okorokov family, 108–10
Okudzhava, Bulat, 552–3
Okunevskaia, Tatiana, 402&n
Old Believers, 48n, 215, 242, 264
Old Bolsheviks, 230, 281
Great Purge (1937), 154, 155
mass arrests, 231&n
seen as Jews, 420, 508
show trials, 235, 248
spartan cult, 14–19, 30, 157, 161
Olgino, dacha resort, 55, 56, 208, 209, 213
Olgino orphanage, 339–40
Olitskaia, Yekaterina, 46–7Omsk, 283, 354, 388, 389, 525, 629
Agricultural Institute, 354
Factory No. 174
strike, 458–9
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
(Solzhenitsyn), 604–5
Oparino orphanage, 338
Orakhelashvili, Ketevan, 364–5, 365
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 267
Orenburg, 201, 202, 203, 573
Orlov, Vladimir, 520
Orlova, Liubov, 557–8
Orlova, Raisa, 188–9
Orlova, Vera, 176–7
orphans bullied, 319, 335, 340
damaged, 335
labour, 342
mutual support groups, 340
names, changed, 125–6, 316, 327, 342
numbers, 99, 329, 335 See also children’s homes, orphanages
Orsha, 65, 66, 382
Ortenberg, David, 420, 506–7Osipenko, Polina, 377
Osipovichi, Belarus, 106, 108, 260
Osorgin family, 253
Ostrovsky, Nikolai, 43n
Ozemblovsky family, 26–7, 39, 49–50 (49), 105–8, 260–61
Palchinsky, Pyotr, 196n
Pale of Settlement, 49, 65, 68, 69, 70, 511
Panova, Vera, 622
Panteleyev, Aleksei, 13
Paramonova, Nina, 177, 179
parents history, secrecy, 391–2, 646–7, 652, 654
loss, 319
renunciation, 295, 343–4, 349
reunited with children, 108, 449–54, 544–58, 560, 561–5, 571
role, 162
Partisan Tales
(Zoshchenko), 491
Party Ethics (Solts), 31–2, 37
‘Party Maximum’, 17, 18, 42
Party members arrest (1930s), 238, 273, 330, 594
arrogance, 393
austerity, 14–19, 30, 158, 161
autobiographies, 35
child care, 47
children of, 32–3
denunciation, 36, 306
double-life, 37–8
duties, 33–4
engineers, 153
and family life, 161
as husbands and fathers, 11
inspection and control, 34–40Jews, 68
and Khrushchev’s speech (1956), 597
‘kulaks’ barred, 355–6
and mass arrests, 281
personality submerged in Party, 34–5
private conduct/convictions, 34, 36
purge (1933), 157
qualifications, 32, 34–5, 36
questionnaires, 35
rehabilitation, 578, 579–80
religious observance, 47
salaries, 17, 18
selfless dedication to Party, 1, 2, 3–4, 8–9 sexual promiscuity, 11
struggle, cult of, 73
suspicion, divertment, 653 vydvizhentsy elite, 155–7, 160
wartime, 385
Western infuences on, 443
See also elite (Soviet) passports, internal, 98–9, 104, 110, 137, 149, 174, 273
Pasternak, Boris, 190, 268, 431, 484–5, 593&n
Patolichev, Nikolai, 188
patriotism, 413–14, 419, 620
local, 393, 419, 420, 639
poetry and, 401, 414–15
Pavlov, General Dmitry, 411
peasants age, 126
arrest, 82
and collectivization, 76–7, 83, 84–93, 92–4, 96–7, 128–9
communes, 51
complaints, 154
cultural/generation gap, 126
emancipation (1861), 51, 77
as ‘family’, 50–51
family farms, eradication, 81–7, 94
famine (1921), 5
and grain market, 72, 82
hired labour, 86
individualism, 50
as industrial labourers, 98, 172
literacy, 126
livestock, slaughter, 93, 96
and NEP, 6, 86
Party war against, 83–6
percentage of population, 50
as ‘petty-bourgeoisie’, 82
and prices, 72
and private property, 84, 94, 97
rebellions (1921), 5, 6
revolution (1917), 81, 92–3as rural proletariat, 82
social class, 78
spending power, 467
strikes, 442
taxes on, 86, 95
trades and crafts, 52
traditionalism, 50, 53, 76, 77, 84, 87, 126, 127
union with, 72
urban migration, 98–9, 118–19, 120, 121, 126–7, 128, 172
wartime trade, 467
work ethic, 52, 86 See also‘kulaks’
peat industry, 22, 165
penal battalions, 413
People’s Courts, 70
Peredelkino, 256, 484, 500, 503
perekovka,
see‘reforging’