shortages and, 171–2
taxed, 66, 71, 79
traders
arrest, 113
social exclusion, 136, 137
‘Trans-Pacific Counterrevolutionary Organization’, 331
troikas, 282–3, 305
Trotsky, Aleksandr, 248
Trotsky, Leon, 58, 69, 181, 469
defeat, 71
expulsion, 31
on family breakdown, 11
followers repressed, 214, 223, 237, 277, 595
and industrialization, 72
and Kronstadt mutiny, 6
Left Opposition, 154, 219, 230, 237
on policy change (mid30
s), 160
Revolution Betrayed, The, 157
sexual politics of families, 164
on women’s role, 163–4
Trotsky family, 248
Trubin family, 602–4 (603)
trust, Great Terror and, 298–313
truth
based on experience, 273
Party, 273
Revolutionary, 190–91
subjective, 191
Tselmerovsky, Lev, 300
Tukhachevsky, Marshal M. N., 237, 245, 272, 278, 298, 642
Turkin family, 252, 287, 303, 579, 580
Tvardovsky, Aleksandr, 132–6, 523, 591
Tvardovsky family, 132–6
Tychina, Pavlo, 452
Uborevich, General, 237
Uglitskikh, Ivan, 118, 119, 553, 576
Ukraine
anti-Semitism, 509
Hitler and, 386
mortality (1930–33), 98
nationalist partisans, 427
Pioneer Organization, 570
post war famine, 457
Soviet rule, 218, 537
wartime, 418–19, 427–8
Ukrainians post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469
Ulbricht, Walter, 597
unemployment, 438
Union of Contemporary Architects, 10, 152
United Labour Schools, 20, 22–3
United Opposition, 72, 237
United States
Israeli alignment with, 493, 494
Jews seen as allies of, 509
Lend-Lease Agreement, 410, 443
POW camps, 531
Simonov visits (1946), 481–2
See also Cold War
universities
admission to, 435–6, 473, 510
‘kulak’ children excluded, 142, 145, 301
post-war expansion, 471
Urals labour camps, 87, 88, 89
‘special settlements’, 93
Ustiuzhna, 79, 80, 81
utopia, Communist, 187–9
Vaigach expedition (1931), 209–13
Vaigach Gulag, 55
values
schools and, 32–3
wartime change, 432, 440
Vavilov, Nikolai, 502
Vavilov, Sergei, 502
Vdovichenko, Viktor, 497
Venivitinov, Dmitry, 229
Verkneuralsk prison camp, 219, 222
Verzhbitsky, N. K., 384, 385, 392
Vesnin Brothers’ architectural workshops, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152
Vetlag Gulag complex, 349
Vetukhnovskaia, Roza, 385–6
VGIK, see All-Union State Film Institute Viatka labour camps, 511, 529, 606
Victory Day, 618, 619–20
vigilance
lack of, 129, 239, 249, 259, 262, 268
as Soviet virtue, 87, 143, 265, 281, 519
Virag, Terez, 645n
Virgin Lands Campaign, 543–4, 547, 561
Vishlag pulp and paper mill, 116, 117, 118, 214–15
Vishnevsky, Vsevolod, 443
Vishniakova, Nina, 28–9
Vitkevich, Maria, 606
Vitkovsky, Dmitry, 114
Vittenburg, Pavel, 55–6, 113, 208–14, 209, 212, 275–6
Vittenburg family, 55–6, 56, 208–14, 217
Vladivostock, Siberia, 55, 331–2
Vlasov, Vladimir (Zikkel), 475
Vlasova, Olga, 475
Voitinsky family, 18–19 (19)
Volga–Don Canal, 468, 591
Volga Germans, 420
in labour army, 424
social exclusion, 137
Volkonskaia, Elena, 44n
Vologda region, 52, 79, 100
Volovich, Hava, 362–4
Vorkuta labour camps, 248, 329, 515, 517, 535
friendships, 566
uprising (1953), 529
Vorobyov family, 327–9 (328)
Voronezh, 75
Komsomol, 126
loss (1942), 410
post-war gender imbalance, 457
Voroshilov, Kliment, 77, 231, 536, 538, 594
Voshchinsky, Mikhail, 148, 148, 152
Voznesensky, Aleksandr, 463, 466
Voznesensky, Nikolai, 466
Vyshinsky, Aleksandr, 235
vydvizhentsy, 155–7, 160, 170–71
wall-newspapers, 143
War Communism, 5–6
war scare (1927), 73
wedding rings, 161
Werth, Alexander, 415
Western states
influence, 441–3, 488
Soviet relations with, 229–30, 236, 371–2
whispering, 40, 44&n, 110, 184, 207, 230, 253, 264, 294
White Army, 4, 5, 58, 167, 218, 648, 654
White Sea Canal, The, 193–4
White Sea Canal (Belomorkanal), 94, 111, 206, 624
construction, 114–15, 121, 136, 196
in propaganda, 192–5, 624
writers tour (1933), 192–7
wives
arrest, 305
pressured to renounce husbands, 305, 306
unwanted, denunciation, 265
Wolf, Christa, 506
women
childcare role, 161
domestic slavery, 164, 165–6
equality, 8
husband’s innocence, belief in, 305–7
independence, 127
in labour camps, 356–68
marriage as camouflage, 137–8
military service, 417–19
in Norilsk, 427–9
rape by guards, 248, 364, 631, 632
regime and, 163–4
See also Akmolinsk Labour Camp; grandparents; mothers; wives
workers
anti-Soviet mood (1941), 385
complaints, 154, 187
living space, 172–3
post-war protests, 458–9
rewards, 153, 159–60, 161
workplace tribunals, 206
Writers’ Union, 255, 267, 268, 280, 281, 489
admission to, 486
anti-Semitism, 494–5, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 519, 520
First Congress (1934), 188
Pioneer camp, 540
reorganization (1946), 482–3
xenophobia, post-war, 487, 493, 585
yardmen, as informers, 180
Yefimov, Mikhail, 365–6, 567–8
Yeliseyeva, Vera, 296–7
Yevangulov family, 44
Yevangulova, Yevgeniia (Zhenia), 44–5, 257, 344–5
Yevseyev family, 289–90
Yevseyeva, Angelina, 13, 289, 290, 598
Yevtushenko, Yevgeny, 612n
Yezhov, Nikolai, 275
denounces Piatnitsky, 232, 233
downfall, 279–80
and Kremlin ‘spy ring’, 237
and mass arrests, 239, 279, 284
‘Yezhov terror’, 279
Yiddish culture, 68
Young Guard, The (Fadeyev), 461n, 504
youth, rural, 126–9
Zabolotsky, Nikolai, 484
Zaidler, Ernst, 512
Zalka, Mate (General Lukach), 200
Zalkind, A. B., 27
Zamiatin, Yevgeny, 10, 489
Zapregaeva, Olga, 97
Zaslavsky, David, 495&n
Zaveniagin, Avraam, 427
Zhadova, Katia, 610
Zhadova, Larisa, 608, 609, 610, 611
Zhdanov, Andrei, 487, 488&n, 491, 505
and Akhmatova, 489, 490
death, 465, 521
Leningraders, patronage, 465
‘Zhdanovshchina’, 487–92, 506
Zhukov, Anatoly, 578
Zhukov, Marshal Georgii
at Khalkin Gol, 371
post-war purge, 464–5&n
Second World War, 393, 422, 447
Zinoviev, Gregorii, 72, 230, 237, 248
recants (1934), 197
‘Zinovievites’, 237
Zionism, 70, 536
Zlobin, Stepan, 507–8
Znamensky, Georgii, 652, 653, 654
Znamia journal, 506, 619
Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 193–4, 488, 489, 490–92, 500n
Zuevka orphanage, 338
Zvezda journal, 488, 489
* The personal collections held in the archives of science, literature and art (e.g. SPbF ARAN, RGALI, IRL RAN) are sometimes more revealing, although most of these have closed sections in which the most private documents are contained. After 1991, some of the former Soviet archives took in personal collections donated by ordinary families – for example, TsMAMLS, which has a wide range of private papers belonging to Muscovites.