300 Nitze Asilomar speech: Nitze, “Power and Policy Problems in the Defense of the West,” draft, Apr. 22, 1960, Roswell Gilpatric Papers, Box 8, Changes in DoD Organization 1960–61 folder, JFKL; “multilateralize,” pp. 16–17.
300 Nitze Maxwell speech: Nitze, “Political Aspects of National Security,” May 24, 1960, lecture, Air War College, Max. AFB.
302 Schelling Berlin game: Material derived from Documents on NATO Planning Conference (code name for the game), Sept. 8–11, 1961 (FOIA/DoD);* Memo to Participants in NATO Planning Conference and attached scenario documents, Sept. 6, 1961, National Security File, Box 82, Germany-Berlin-General, 9/6/61; Memo to Participants in ISA Conference (29 Sept.-l Oct.), Sept. 27, 1961, National Security File, Box 83, Germany-Berlin-Vol. 5 (Partial); and “ISA Conference, Tentative Time Schedule” and “Brief Scenarios,” ibid.; all but FOIA in JFKL; and interviews.
303 the brink and tanks: Slusser, in Force Without War, pp. 427–34.
304 boost by half: Memo from McCone, National Security Files, Box 313, Folder 40, NSC Mtgs., 1962, #507, 10/22/62, JFKL.
304 U.S. military alert steps: Memo, Adam Yarmolinsky, “DoD Operations During the Cuban Missile Crisis,” Feb. 12, 1963, National Security File, Box 61, Cuba Testing Tab: OSD & Mil. Responses, JFKL.
304 McNamara, Taylor, invasion, “almost”: Minutes, National Security File, Box 315, ExCom Mtgs., #8, 10/27, 4pm, JFKL; and interviews.
305 “I know the Soviet”: Quoted in Theodore Sorensen, Oral History Interview, p. 51, JFKL.
305 “It shall be”: Quoted in Theodore Sorensen, Kennedy, p. 790.
305 Kremlin first steps after crisis: This interpretation is confirmed by several participants and historians who have had full access to pertinent intelligence files.
306 McNamara 1,400: Cited in memo, BoB, “Minuteman Programs,” Aug. 14, 1963, National Security File, Agency File, Box 14–17, Defense Budget, 1965, Sec. 2, LBJL.
21: SHELTER MANIA
307 OCDM plan: Memo, George McGhee to McGeorge Bundy, “Fallout Shelters for Civilians,” Feb. 24, 1961, National Security File, Box 295, Folder 1-Civil Defense, 1-3/61, JFKL; memo, Carl Kaysen and Marc Raskin to Bundy, May 16, 1961, pp. 1–2, National Security File, Box 295, Folder 2-Civil Defense, 4-5/17/61, JFKL.
307 Kennedy wary: Memo, Director, BoB (Bell) to Files, “Meeting with the President and Mr. Ellis re Additional Appropriation Requests for FY 1962—OCDM,” Mar. 20, 1961, National Security File, Box 83a, Office of Emergency Planning, 1-5/61, JFKL.
307 May 9 meeting: McGeorge Bundy, memo, “Civil Defense Meeting, May 9, 1961,” May 13, 1961, National Security File, Box 295, Folder 2-Civil Defense, 4-5/17/61, JFKL.
308 Kaysen article: Kaysen, “The Vulnerability of the United States to Enemy Attack,” World Politics, Jan. 1954.
308 Raskin opposition: Memos, Raskin (to Bundy), May 19, 1961, Raskin to Bundy, “Civil Defense and Berlin,” July 7, 1961, and Oct. 13, 1961, in National Security File, Box 295, Folder 3-Civil Defense, 5/18-5/31/61; Folder 4-Civil Defense, 6/1-7/11/61; Folder 6-Civil Defense, 10/1-10/27/61, JFKL; and interviews.
308 “troublesome”: Memo, Kaysen and Raskin to Bundy, May 16, 1961, ibid., Folder 2, pp. 7–8.
308 “from a war”: Memo, Kaysen to Bundy, “Berlin Crisis and Civil Defense,” July 7, 1961, Appendix, p. 4, National Security File, Box 81, Germany-Berlin-General, 7/7-7/12/61, JFKL; fifteen missiles, p. 2.
308 other questions: Ibid.; memo, Kaysen and Raskin to Bundy, loc. cit; and interviews.
309 JFK on civil defense: Theodore Sorensen, Oral History Interview, pp. 7–9, JFKL; and interviews.
309 May 25: Cited in memo, Kaysen to Bundy, July 7, 1961, op. cit.
309 July 25 speech: Text in National Security File, Box 82, Germany-Berlin-General, 7/23-7/26/61, JFKL; see p. 4.
310 “I am concerned”: Memo, Kennedy to McNamara, Aug. 14, 1961, ibid., 8/11-8/15/61 folder.
310 “I urge you”: “Fallout Shelters,” Life, Sept. 15, 1961, p. 95.
310 Life team: Steuart Pittman, Oral History Interview, pp. 10–11, JFKL; and interviews.
310 Yarmolinsky shelter: Adam Yarmolinsky, Oral History Interview, pp. 38–39, JFKL.
310 “the most widely”: Memo, Raskin to Bundy, Oct. 17, 1961, National Security File, Box 295, Folder 6, Civil Defense, 10/1-10/27/61, JFKL.
311 “Shelter Living”: Quoted in memo, Raskin to Kaysen, Nov. 15, 1961, p. 3, National Security File, Box 295, Folder 8, Civil Defense, 11/13-11/19/61, JFKL.
311 “The communities” and “too facile”: Quoted in ibid., p. 4; and interviews.
311 “The anticipation”: Quoted in memo, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., to Ken nedy, “Reflections on Civil Defense,” Nov. 22, 1961, p. 8, Presidential Office Files, Box 65, Staff Memoranda Arthur Schlesinger folder, JFKL.
311 illustrations: Ibid., p. 3.
311 cabin cruiser: Letter, John Kenneth Galbraith to Kennedy, Nov. 9, 1961, p. 2, National Security File, Box 295, Folder 7, Civil Defense, 10/28-11/17/61, JFKL.
311 “The present”: Ibid., p. 2.
312 “fallout shelters”: “Survivaclass="underline" Are Shelters the Answer?,” Newsweek, Nov. 6, 1961, p. 19.
312 shelter sales: “All Out Against Fallout,” Time, Aug. 8, 1961, p. 11.
312 clandestine shelters: “Fallout Shelters Speeded by Hundreds in Suburbs, But Families Tend to Keep Plans Secret to Bar Use by Others,” New York Times, Oct. 3, 1961.
312 Nevada and Riverside: “Survivaclass="underline" Are Shelters the Answer?,” loc. cit., p. 19; and memo, Schlesinger to Kennedy, op. cit., p. 3.
312 shoot your neighbors: L. C. McHugh, S. J., “Ethics at the Shelter Doorway,” America, Sept. 30, 1961.
312 “Everywhere”: Memo, Schlesinger to Kennedy, op. cit., pp. 1, 3, 4–5.
312 “Civil Defense”: Memo, Sorensen to Kennedy, “Civil Defense,” Nov. 23, 1961, Theodore Sorensen Papers, Box 30, Civil Defense, JFKL.
313 copies to offices: DoD Release, Dec. 30, 1961, National Security File, Box 295, Folder 11-Civil Defense, 12/61, JFKL.
313 Kennedy TV speech: Sorensen did write a draft, however. See “Civil Defense Fireside Chat—Draft,” Theodore Sorensen Papers, loc. cit.
313 November 29: Date comes from records of JFK’s appointments at JFKL; substance comes from interviews.
314 “I must say”: Memo, Bundy to Kennedy, Dec. 1, 1961, National Security File, Box 295, Folder 11-Civil Defense, 12/61, JFKL.
314 Civil defense budget cut: Stanley L. Newman, “Civil Defense and the Congress: Quiet Reversal,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Nov. 1962, p. 36.
22: DAMAGE UNLIMITED
315 “The Air Force”: Quoted in DPM, McNamara to Kennedy, “Recommended FY 1964–68 Strategic Retaliatory Forces,” Nov. 21, 1962, p. 6 (FOIA/DoD).*
315 “first, to provide”: Ibid., p. 5;* emphasis added.
315 “may succeed”: Ibid., p. 6.*
316 McNamara against full first-strike: DPM, McNamara to Kennedy, Appendix I, “Recommended Long Range Nuclear Delivery Forces 1963–67,” Sept. 23, 1961, p. 5 (FOIA/DoD).*