See also dangers; risk; specific types of danger
conversation. See talk
Cornish language, 408
Costa Rica, 155–56
Cowgill, Donald, 221–22, 223, 230
cows, disputes over, 158
Nuer raiding, 44, 137, 139, 146, 158, 165
cradle boards, 184, 185–86
creationism, 345–46
Crespí, Juan, 133
criminal justice, 99, 108–14, 117, 118, 167
Cro-Magnons, 60, 64, 68 table, 340, plate 25
crocodiles, 280, plate 43
Crow Indians, 215, 341 table
crowd diseases, 294–96
crying infants, 190–92, 208
cultural diversity, 7, 20–23, 28
culture
elders as stewards of, 213, 219–20, 235, 237–38
language and, 370, 405, 406, 407–8
dangers, 24, 30–31, 276–319, 464
attitudes about fear, 284–85
children’s exposure to, 173–74, 193, 197–200
dangerous animals, 199, 200, 271, 279 table, 280, 282–83, 285, 286, plate 43
thrill-seeking, 318–19
travel and stranger encounters, 49–50, 54–55, 271–72
types and impacts, 245, 270–71, 276–78, plates 42, 43, 44
See also accidents; constructive paranoia; disease(s); environmental hazards; food scarcity; risk; violence
Dani people, 16, 55, 119, 416, plate 1
children’s play, 203, 204
map, 26 fig.
territoriality, 42, plate 13
trade, 66, 68 table, 71–72, 73
Dani warfare, 15, 54–55, 119–28, 165, plate 36
features of, 120–21, 143–44, 145, 146
mortality rates, 127–28, 139, plate 36
time-line, 121–27
Danish language, 402–3
Daribi people, 16, 26 fig., 68 table, 70, 297–98, 308
Dead Birds (film), 120
death
religion and, 329, 351–52
See also mortality
death penalty, 110
Dennett, Daniel, 327 table
diabetes, 4, 31, 292–93, 413, 427–49
in Europeans, 438 table, 447–49
genetic factors, 431–32, 434, 436–37, 441–47
in India, 430, 431, 433, 437, 438 table, 440–41, 450
Nauru Islanders, 435–37, 439 table, 446, 449
Pima Indians, 434–35, 439 table
rates of, 429–30, 433, 438–39 table, 447
risk factors, 417, 431–34
types of, 430–31
Wanigela people, 411, 439 table
dialects, 372–74
diet
diabetes and, 429, 430, 432–33, 434, 440, 443
food availability and, 310, 313–15, 316
hypertension and, 417–21, 423–25
learning from traditional societies, 462, 465
salt intake, 415–17, 425–28
sugar and carbohydrates intake, 428–29
Westernized, non-communicable diseases and, 413–14, 432–33, 449–50
See also food entries
Dingane, 137
Dingiswayo, 148
Dinka people, 44, 54, 137, 139, 146, 158
disease(s), 292–96, 353, 412, 435
food scarcity and, 299
responses to, 296–98, 339
Western lifestyle adoption and, 411–14, 432–33, 449–50
See also diabetes; hypertension
dispersal and aggregation, 291, 310, 315–16
dispute resolution, 160, 466, plates 15, 16
attribution of fault, 96, 102–3
by fighting, 95
international disputes, 101–2
See also state justice systems; traditional dispute resolution; warfare
divorce, 90–91, 105–6
dowsing, 342, 350–51, plate 46
Driver, Daniel, 98, 109
drowning, 281
Dugum Dani people. See Dani people
Durkheim, Émile, 327 table, 328
Dwyer, Michael, 57
Eaton, S. Boyd, 414, 450
Eble, Mary, 113
economic specialization, 10, 11, 15, 16–17, 18
trade specialists, 62–63, 66
education
educational play, 202–6
formal, 200–201, 205, 235, 399, 401
storytelling as, 285–86
Efe Pygmies, 187, 188, 191
egalitarianism, 12, 13, 14, 197
child-rearing and, 194, 197, 198
religion and, 353
elders, 24, 30, 210–40
abandonment, neglect, or killing of, 213, 214–17, 286
Alzheimer’s disease and multilingualism, 392–95
as children’s care-givers, 187, 188, 218
as cultural stewards, 213, 219–20, 235, 237–38
defining old age, 211
learning from traditional societies, 236–40, 465–66
modern trends affecting, 231–36
social reinforcement of elder authority, 227–31
social values and elders’ status, 221–27
talents, strengths and weaknesses of, 238–40, plates 40, 41
usefulness of, 212, 217–20, 221, 224, 225–26, 232, 235–39, plate 22
widowhood, 233
See also life expectancies
electricity-producing fish, 334–36
Ember, Carol, 161
Ember, Melvin, 161
emotional security, 180–81, 192, 208–9
enemies, 49
defeated, fate of, 141, 146, 158–59
demonization of, 120, 125, 159, 168–70
religion and, 352, 358–59, 366
unsuspected, travel and, 54–55
See also killing(s); strangers; territoriality; violence; warfare
Enga people, 26 fig., 68 table, 75, 479–80
England, 304, 306, 311–12
See also Britain
English language, 372, 373–74, 379–80, 395, 400, 401, 407–8
environmental conditions
evolution and, 334
language diversity and, 378
salt intake and, 420
territoriality and, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 155
trade patterns and, 71–72
travel/geographic knowledge and, 55–56
warfare and, 155, 156, 160, 161–62
environmental hazards, 277–78, plates 42, 43, 44
avoidance and vigilance, 243–44, 282–86
child autonomy and, 198–200
Erikson, Erik, 174–75
Esen, Tevfik, 397
Eurasian peoples, 26 fig., 309 table, 311
See also specific groups
Europe
aggregation and dispersal cycles, 315
child punishment, 193, 194
criminal punishment, 110, 111, 118
diabetes rates, 438 table, 447–49
dialects, 373–74
elder treatment, 223–24
food in, 309 table, 416–17, 448–49
homicide rates, 288
language diversity and loss, 371, 396, 399
multilingualism, 383
See also specific countries and languages
European contact. See first contacts
European expansion and colonialism, 14, 18, 22, 57, 132
anthropological studies and, 477–78
effects on violence, 132, 133–34, 148–54, 288–89
language diversity and, 380, 398
wars of conquest, 144, 360
euthanasia, 232