war in, 139, 156
See also nomadism; specific peoples
hunting, 348
children’s training, 203–4, 205–6, 349
hazards of, 271, 272–73, 278, 279 table, 280, 281, 284–85
salt intake and, 415
territoriality and, 42–43
uncertainty of success, 300–303
Hurtado, A. Magdalena, 178
See also Ache Indians
Hutterite colonies, 363
hyenas, 154–55
hygiene, 293–94, 296–97
hypertension, 4, 31, 32, 292, 411, 417–28
causes, 421–25
salt intake and, 417–21, 423–25
Iceland Norse, 290
Icelandic language, 401
identity. See group affiliation
Iliad, 143
independence, 224
child autonomy, 173–74, 188–89, 192, 196–200, 205, 208–9
India
diabetes in, 430, 431, 433, 437, 438 table, 440–41, 450
language diversity, 371, 401
individualism, 91–92, 224, 457
Indonesia, 396
Indonesian New Guinea, 5
See also New Guinea
Indonesian traders, 67
inequality, 12, 13, 17, 18, 481
child-rearing and, 194, 198
religion and, 353
See also egalitarianism; power relationships
infanticide, 177–79, 286, 287
infants. See children
infections, 281–82
infectious diseases, 292, 293–96, 412, 435
insect bites, 281–82
Inuit, 228, 315, 341 table
elder treatment, 214, 215
expansion and language diversity, 381, 386
hunting and environmental hazards, 272–73, 278, 279 table
traditional food storage, 309 table
See also Alaska North Slope Inuit; Iñupiat; other specific groups
Iñupiat (northwest Alaska Inuit), 16, 189, 303, plate 9
map, 27 fig.
territoriality, 42, 44
trade, 66, 67, 74–75
warfare, 146, 152
Ireland, 230, 448
Irian Jaya, 5
See also New Guinea
Irish language, 401
Irons, William, 327 table
Ishi, 398, 456, plate 29
Islam, 341 table, 352, 357, 364
Israel, 363, 433, 438 table, 449
Israeli sand rat, 446–47
Italian language, 373, 374
Italy, 221–22, 428
Jackson, Jean, 385
jaguars, 280, 285
James, William, 327 table
Japan, 221, 231, 396, 399
diabetes in, 442
Pearl Harbor attack, 169–70
salt intake in, 419, 420, 421, 426–27
war mortality, 127, 140, plate 37
Japanese language, 372, 396, 399
Jones, Marie Smith, 397
Judaism, 330, 341 table, 358, 360, 363, 364
juvenile-onset diabetes, 430–31, 441, 442
Kafka, Franz, 11–12
Kalahari Desert, 302–3
See also !Kung people
Kamchatkans, 68 table
kangaroos, 183
Kaulong people, 16, 26 fig., 62, 284, 297–98
children, 91, 177, 204
elder treatment, 21, 216
environmental hazards, 278, 279 table
food availability, 308, 314–15
hunting superstitions, 339
Keeley, Lawrence, 139, 150, 165
Keen, Ian, 477
Kennedy, Edward, 105
kibbutzim, 363
kidney disease, 412, 417, 450
kidney function, 424–25, 429
killing(s), 131, 398
among the !Kung, 286–90
infanticide, 177–79, 286, 287
Kaulong widow strangling, 21, 216
of old people, 215–17, 232
psychology of, 142–43, 168–69
revenge killings, 84–85, 95, 271–72, 289–90
See also mortality; violence; warfare
Kirghiz people, 16, 26 fig.
Knight, Frank, 67
König, Hans, 134
Konner, Melvin, 276, 414, 450, 478
Kopechne, Mary Jo, 105
Korean food preservation, 309 table, 313
Korean language, 399
Kovács, Ágnes, 391
Kuegler, Doris, 133
Kuegler, Klaus, 133, 134
Kuegler, Sabine, 133, 276–77, 480–81
!Kung people, 14, 18, 26 fig., 93, 273, plate 6
breast-feeding and weaning, 179–80, 180–81, 182
child autonomy, 199
child punishment, 194, 195
childbirth, 176, 178–79
disease among, 292, 297
elders, 212, 214, 218, 221, 229, 237
environmental hazards, 278, 280, 281, 283–84
food scarcity, 300–301, 302–3, 308, 313–14, 316
group affiliation, 47, 50–51
hunting, 271, 276, 282, 284–85, 349–50
infant-adult contact, 184
infant care, 191–92
infanticide, 178–79, 286, 287
sources of information about, 478, 479
territoriality, 46–47, 50–51
trade, 66, 68 table, 70, 74
violence, 286–90
warfare, 151–52, 156, 287, 288
Kurita, Takeo, 217
Kutenai Indians, 215
Lahey, Joanna, 223
land use
field scattering, 303–6
non-exclusive, 45–49
property rights of elders, 229–30
See also territoriality
language diversity, 31, 371–82, 395–96
evolution of, 374–76
geographic variation, 376–82
multilingualism and, 385–86
New Guinea, 3–4, 7, 28, 371–72, 374, 377, 378–79, 381–82
in origin myths, 324, 346
value of, 404–8
viewed as harmful, 371, 386–87, 399, 402–4
See also language loss
language learning, 385, 386, 387, 400–401, 463
language loss, 370–71, 395–409
geographic variations, 397–98
mechanisms of, 398–401
preventing, 408–9
rates of, 396–97
See also language diversity
language(s), 24, 369–409
culture and, 370, 405, 406, 407–8
dialects, 372–74
evolution of, 374–76
group affiliation and, 376
language expansion, 21–22, 380–81, 386
language giants, 371–72, 379–80
speech community sizes, 372, 379, 385
state languages, 401, 404
terms for outsiders, 51
warfare and, 164, 165
See also language diversity; multilingualism; writing; specific areas and languages
Lapps, 215
Lascaux cave, 340, plate 25
Latin America. See South America; specific countries and peoples
Latin language, 396
laws, 99, 108
Leahy, Daniel, 57, plate 30
Leahy-Dwyer patrol, 57–58, plates 30, 31
Leahy, Michael, 57, 58
LeBlanc, Steven, 130
Leclerc, Charles, 138
Lee, Richard, 74, 286–88, 301, 302–3
leopards, 280
Lessa, William, 327 table
Lewis, David, 216
life expectancies, 211–12, 231, 233, 245, 277, 353
lightning, 281
lions, 154–55, 271, 280
Lissmann, Hans, 335
livestock, 157, 158, 229, 295, 313
See also animal domestication; cows; herding societies