Maasai people, 446
Machiguenga Indians, 15, 27 fig., 48, 156
Madagascar, 200
magic, 297–98, 348–49, 350
sorcery, 159, 249–50
Mailu Islanders, 17, 26 fig., 67, 72–73, 203
Malai Island, 59–60
Siassi traders, 59–60, 61, 66, 67, 68 table, 75
malaria, 292, 294, 297, 412
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 72, 195–96, 348–49
mammal young, 183, 186
Mandan Indians, 398
Mandarin Chinese, 372, 405
mandatory retirement, 223–24, 234, 239
manufactured goods
made by old people, 218–19, plate 22
material goods in WEIRD societies, 456, 459, 460–61
traditional trade in, 68–69 table, 69–70, 72–73
Maori language, 404, 409
Maori people, 135, 144, 150–51, 309 table, 311, 312
Mapuche Indians, 439 table
Marind people, 158
market economies, 61–65
marriage, 8, 228–29
divorce, 90–91, 105–6
exogamy, 43, 76, 291, 457
husband-wife conflict, 93, 94, 100
linguistic exogamy, 384, 385
marriage partner trades, 70
neolocal households, 222, 223, 233
patrilocal households, 166–67, 222–23, 291
warfare between groups who intermarry, 165, 166–67
Marshall, Lorna, 51
Martu people, 197, 200
Marx, Karl, 12, 328 table, 357
massacres, 120, 122, 127, 134–35, 141, 146
Matthiessen, Peter, 54, 120
Mauritius, 438 table, 440
Mayan wall paintings, 136
Mbuti Pygmies, 26 fig., 205–6, 308
Mead, Margaret, 478
mediation, 82–83, 85, 92, 93, 96, 100
in state justice systems, 100, 105–8, 116, 466
Mehler, Jacques, 391
men
aging and life expectancy, 233
as hunters, 278
older men and young wives, 228–29
Mesa Verde, 135
Mexico, 221–22, 401
mineral deficiencies, 299
Minong people, 26 fig.
minority languages
value of, 404–8
viewed as harmful, 371, 386–87, 399, 402–4
See also language diversity; language loss
missionaries, 56, 57–58, 92
Mohan, V., 437, 441
money
market economies, 61–65
traditional equivalents, 62, 65, 158
See also affluence; compensation processes; poverty
monkeys, 183, 295, 337
monolingualism, 370, 382, 385–92, 400
viewed as beneficial, 371, 386–87, 399, 402–4
See also multilingualism
monopolies (trade), 72–74
moral codes
against killing, 142–43, 168
against revenge, 167
religion and, 329, 353, 357–59, 367 fig.
Mormonism, 325, 331, 341 table, 365, 366
mortality
accidental death causes, 278–82, 279 table
communicable diseases and infection, 292–96
death rates and religious success, 364
infants and children, 176–77, 179, 180, 218, 231, 290
malnourishment and starvation, 299
non-communicable diseases, 412
state warfare, 127, 128, 139–41, plate 37
traditional warfare, 120, 121, 127–28, 139–41, plate 36
violent deaths, 287–88
Muller, Martin, 139
multilingualism, 24, 31, 371, 383–95
Aboriginal Australia, 384–85
Amazonia, 385–86
cognitive impacts, 387–95, 463
defining, 382
fostering, 462–63, 465
language learning and, 385, 386, 387
language loss and, 402–3, 405
New Guinea, 369–70, 383–84
poverty and, 387, 406
in the U.S., 386–87, 400
viewed as harmful, 31, 386–87, 463
murder. See killing(s)
Musket Wars, 150–51
Nahuatl language, 401
Napoleonic Wars, 140, 146–47
Native American languages, 397, 398, 399, 406, 409
Native Americans. See North American Indians; South American Indians; specific groups
natural selection, 333–34, 336, 437
Nauru Islanders, 435–37, 439 table, 446, 449
Navajo Indians, 103, 185, 229
Navajo language, 398, 403
Nayaka people, 205
NCDs. See non-communicable diseases
Neel, James, 442, 446
neglect
of children, 178, 179, 181, 190
of old people, 214
neighboring groups
killings between, 286
visiting between, 45, 47, 54, 75, 384–85
warfare and, 162–63, 164, 165
See also strangers; territoriality; trade; travel
neolocal households, 222, 223, 224–25, 457–58
Nesler, Ellie, 98–99, 109, plate 35
Netherlands, minority languages in, 404, 408–9
New Britain, 72
See also Kaulong people
New Guinea and New Guinean peoples, 5, 18, 453–54
child care and autonomy, 187, 188–89, 198, 200
child punishment, 193–94
children’s play, 202–3
colonialism’s impact on violence, 288–89
constructive paranoia, 244–45
cultural diversity, 28
environmental hazards, 278, 279 table, 281, 282
field scattering, 303, 306
first contacts with Europeans, 2, 57–59, 119, plates 30, 31
food scarcity and storage, 298, 301, 309 table, 313
geographic knowledge, 55, 56
health and life expectancies, 211, 245, 410–12
hunting, 282
language diversity, 3–4, 7, 28, 371–72, 374, 377, 378–79, 381–82
map, 26 fig.
marriage practices, 228–29
multilingualism, 369–70, 383–84
salt intake, 416, 419
talkativeness, 248, 273
traditional trade, 62, 66, plate 32
traditional warfare, 132, 133–34, 137, 148–49, 151, 157–58, 159
uncontacted peoples, 56–57
Westernization of, 2–6, 410–12
See also specific groups
New Zealand
Maori language in, 404, 409
Musket Wars, 150–51
See also Maori people
Nganasan people, 26 fig., 60, 156, 309 table
Ngarinyin people, 26 fig., 308
Nichols, Johanna, 381
Nigeria, 371
nomadism, 14, 15, 93, 180, 378
elders and, 214, 217
food scarcity and, 300, 310
infectious diseases and, 294–96
non-communicable diseases, 292–93, 411–14, 432–33, 449–50
See also diabetes; hypertension
Norenzayan, Ara, 8
Norse peoples, 215, 290, 308
North American Indians, 27 fig., 309 table
language loss, 397, 398, 399, 406, 409
warfare, 151, 158
See also specific groups
North Slope Inuit. See Alaska North Slope Inuit
northwest Alaska Inuit. See Iñupiat; Yupik Inuit
Northwest Coast Indians, 15, 27 fig., 146, 315
traditional food storage, 309 table, 310, 311
Nuer people, 44, 53, 165, 203, plate 7