technology and technological change, 18, 348, 381
elders and, 225, 235–36, 237–38
military technology, 142–43, 144
religion and, 348, 350
Teerink, C. G. J., 119
territoriality, 28–29, 37–49, 75
author’s related New Guinea experiences, 37–41, 261–70
borders, 39, 42, 45, 46, plate 34
defenses and patrols, 39, 42, 45, plates 13, 14
defensive fortifications, 135, 150, 152, 291
environmental conditions and, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 155
exclusive territories, 39–41, 41–44, 50
food scarcity and, 302–3
non-exclusive land use, 45–49
trade and, 40, 60–61
warfare and, 127, 130
in Western societies, 48–49, plate 14, plate 34
See also trade; travel
theft, 94, 158
See also raiding
theodicy, 340, 352, 353, 354
thrifty-gene hypothesis, 442–47
Tillich, Paul, 346
tools, trade in, 68–69 table, 69, 70
Toussaint-Louverture, 138
toys, 204–5, plates 17, 18
trade, 59–75, 76, plates 32, 33
forms and patterns of, 60–61, 65–67, 73–75
geographic knowledge and, 56
language diversity and, 378
luxury objects, 63–64, 67, 68–69 table, 69–70
market economies, 61–65
monopolies, 72–75
multilingualism and, 383–84
social bonds and, 63, 64–65, 73–75
societies lacking, 60
trade items, 62, 64, 67–71, 68–69 table
trading specialists, 62–63, 66
travel restrictions and, 40, 60–61
warfare and, 74, 75, 164–66, 287
traditional dispute resolution, 8, 24–25, 29, 80
civil disputes, 99–102
disadvantages, 115, 116, 117–18
face-to-face, 93, plate 15
goals of, 102–3, 108, 111–12
informal justice in modern states, 7–8, 115
mediation and negotiation, 82–83, 85, 92, 93, 95–96, 100, 116
New Guinea accidental death story, 79–86, 89, 117
overview, 92–97
reconciliation in, 29, 83–84, 88–90, 103, 105, 111–12, 116
social bonds and, 29, 81, 87–90, 101, 105, 115
See also compensation processes; state justice systems
traditional societies
advantages, 457–61
defined, 6
information sources and scholarship, 23–24, 476–81
learning from, 7–9, 32–33, 461–66
maps, 26–27figs.
risk assessment and tolerance, 270–75, 278, 283
traditional warfare, 25, 29–30, 80, 119–70, 287, plate 36
alliances and, 120, 141–42, 143
ambushes, 120, 122, 137, 141, 144
attitudes about killing, 143–44, 169, 170
battles, 120, 122, 136, 141, plate 36
chronic nature of, 121, 122, 140, 147
demonization of enemies, 120, 125, 159
effects of European contact, 132, 133–34, 148–54
fate of defeated enemies, 141, 146, 158–59
head-hunting and cannibalism, 151, 158–59
massacres, 120, 122, 127, 141, 146
military organization and training, 120, 141, 144–45
mortality rates, 120, 121, 127–28, 139–41
motives for, 87, 143, 147, 157–59
resolution of, 89–90, 147–49
social factors and benefits, 162–63
sources of information about, 131–36, 149–50, 152–54
trade and, 74, 75, 165–66, 287
typical forms and features, 120–21, 136–38, 141
ultimate causes, 159–63
unplanned escalations of violence, 138
unsuspected enemies, 54–55
viewed as inefficient, 121, 144–45
vs. state warfare, 140–47
war games, 202–3
weapons and military technology, 121, 135, 142, 144, 150, 151
who is affected by, 120, 140–41, 144, 146, 165–67
See also Dani warfare; raiding
travel, 1–2, 4–5, 29, 37, 48–49, plate 14
in enemy territories, 49–50, 54–55, 271–72
friendship and, 29, 53
geographic knowledge and, 29, 54–56
trade and, 40, 60–61
See also territoriality
treachery, 137–38, 290–91
tree hazards, 243–44, 279, 280, 285, plate 42
trespassing. See territoriality
tribes, 15–16, 18
Trobriand Islanders, 17, 26 fig.
child discipline, 195–96, 202
food sharing and storage, 301, 303, 309 table
trade, 66–67, 68 table, 75
Trojan War, 143, 158
Tswana people, 287
Tuareg people, 166
Tumu, Akii, 479
Turnbull, Colin, 205–6
Type-1 diabetes, 430–31, 441, 442
Type-2 diabetes, 32, 430, 431
See also diabetes
Ubykh language, 395, 397
uncontacted peoples, 56–57
See also first contacts
Under the Mountain Wall (Matthiessen), 120
United States
bilingualism in, 386–87, 400
communes in, 362–63
elders in, 223–27, plate 24
homicide rates, 288
Indian language losses, 397, 398, 399, 406
minority languages in, 400
monolingualism in, 370, 383, 400
risk assessment and tolerance, 277, 317–18, 319
salt intake, 416
sugar intake, 428–29
Vanuatu, 371, 377
Vaupés River Indians, 385–86
vengeance. See revenge
Verdi, Giuseppe, 240, plate 41
vervet monkeys, 337
vigilantism, 98–99, 107, 109, plate 35
violence, 29, 271–72, 277–78, 286–92
among war-free peoples, 156–57
feuds, 89, 95–96
language differences and, 403–4
protective measures, 290–92
religious codes of peaceful behavior, 358–59
state suppression of, 97–99, 115, 148, 286, 288, 290
stranger contacts and, 4, 50, 290
unplanned escalations of, 138, 289
vigilantism, 98–99, 107, 109
vs. warfare, 129–30
when dispute resolution fails, 97
See also killing(s); warfare
vitamin deficiencies, 299
Vogt, Evon, 327 table
Voltaire, 359
Wahl, Joachim, 134
Wanigela people, 411, 439 table
Waorani Indians, 139, 163
warfare, 119–70
absence of, 155–56
definitions of, 129–31
genetic basis for, 155–57
hand-to-hand fighting in, 142–43
religion and, 356–57, 359–61, 366, 367 fig., 368
trade and, 74, 75, 164–66, 287
warlike animals, 154–55
See also state warfare; traditional warfare
wasps, 282
water-witching, 342, 350–51, plate 46
wealth. See affluence
weaning and birth intervals, 179–81
weapons, 18
accidental wounds, 281
state warfare, 142–43, 144
trade in, 68–69 table, 69, 70, 71, 73–74
traditional warfare, 121, 135, 150, 151
weather
food availability and, 301, 302–3, 308
weather hazards, 280–81