Other factors that contribute to the ongoing survival of theatre include the revival of dramatic classics, which are given new expression to show perennial relevance across time and culture. Revivals of dramas of different epochs and different cultures—including Aristophanes’ Lysistrata (411 bce), Molière’s Tartuffe (1664), Racine’s Phèdre (1677), Ibsen’s Peer Gynt (published 1867), Shaw’s Saint Joan (1923), and Brecht’s Mother Courage and Her Children (1939), although the instances could be multiplied countless times without exhausting the list of the classics regularly performed—often reinvigorate these works by reimagining their settings or their characters. The success of these revivals is a reminder that such works were written for the stage and, it is often argued, can be given full expression only by stage representation.
Adaptations for the screen or television of material that was conceived in terms of the stage remain merely adaptations, in the same sense that a reproduction of Georges Seurat’s painting Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte on a coffee mug remains merely an adaptation. Although Laurence Olivier’s film adaptations of Shakespeare’s Henry V, Hamlet, Richard III, and Othello were justified—in that thousands of people who would not otherwise have had the opportunity to see the original plays were enabled to see adaptations magnificently performed—those who saw both stage and film versions usually testified to the superiority of the theatrical experience. The texts used in the films were necessarily incomplete, and the acting and direction were adapted to suit a medium for which the originals were not conceived. Some part of the public will always believe that it is as important to see fine performances of theatrical masterworks as it is to see the originals of great achievements in painting, sculpture, and architecture rather than photographic reproductions of such works. As long as this is the case, there is a good reason for the continued existence of a live theatre.
Olivier, Laurence; Herlie, Eileen; Sydney, Basiclass="underline" HamletLaurence Olivier (seated), Eileen Herlie, and Basil Sydney in Hamlet (1948).Copyright © 1953 Universal Pictures Company, Inc.
Another reason for believing in the survival of theatre is that the live theatre can achieve a sense of occasion. This sense of occasion is a heightening of everyday people and occurrences into a new vividness and significance—not just the heightening of characters and events of the drama but also a heightening of the people who take part, spectators as much as performers. This can occur more effectively if the occasion is a great one, if the house is large and full, if the audience appears to be distinguished, and if celebrated performers are taking part. But the sense of occasion can be achieved more simply, more subtly, and less expensively. What matters is that, when the performance begins, the audience should be excited, receptive, and ready. Yet the heart of the occasion lies not in the auditorium, however bedizened with celebrity, but on the stage. There a troupe is about to create either a new work or a new interpretation of a classic. The sense of occasion is at its strongest when the cast is distinguished, but even unknown players in obscure performances can create it.
Activity is required of the theatre audience if the performance is to succeed; the audience is required to share with the performer and to assist in the act of creation. In films and in television, mistakes can be eliminated; unsuccessful scenes can be reshot and rewritten; and the whole work can be manipulated, edited, and set before the public with every detail in place. The product has been prefabricated without the cooperation of its audience, which is therefore reduced to the status of a consumer. In the theatre, on the other hand, every audience helps to create or to destroy the performance. To some extent, audiences get the performance they deserve.
Moreover, in every live performance is the imminence of disaster. An actor must be skillful and an audience must be imaginative if Macbeth, seeing a phantom dagger in the air, or Othello, falling down in an epileptic seizure, is to be moving and impressive instead of merely ludicrous. Yet it is precisely this hairbreadth division between the sublime and the ridiculous that creates the sense of occasion.
Some dozens of immortally great expressions of the human spirit have been written for performance by live actors for live audiences and cannot be adequately experienced in any other medium. This is why, despite economic challenges, limited technical resources and funding, and the logistical problems of touring, the live theatre must survive. Tyrone Guthrie Ned Chaillet The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Citation Information
Article Title: Theatre
Website Name: Encyclopaedia Britannica
Publisher: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Date Published: 05 December 2018
URL: https://www.britannica.com/art/theatre-art
Access Date: August 16, 2019
Additional Reading
Few works deal as comprehensively with shifting aspirations for the theatre as Marvin A. Carlson, Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the Present, expanded ed. (1993). Collections of supporting material that serve as good companion texts are Bernard F. Dukore (compiler), Dramatic Theory and Criticism: Greeks to Grotowski (1974); and Richard Drain (ed.), Twentieth-Century Theatre: A Sourcebook (1995). These are complemented by three surveys of theatre history: Glynne Wickham, A History of the Theatre, 2nd ed. (1992); Margot Berthold, The History of World Theater: From the Beginnings to the Baroque, trans. from German (1991); and Felicia Hardison Londré, The History of World Theatre: From the English Restoration to the Present, trans. from German (1999).
The social function of theatre is addressed by Susan Bennett, Theatre Audiences: A Theory of Production and Reception, 2nd ed. (1997); an apt companion to Bennett is Philip Auslander, Liveness: Performance in a Mediatized Culture, 2nd ed. (2008). Marvin A. Carlson, Performance: A Critical Introduction, 2nd ed. (2004), surveys a range of late-20th- and 21st-century perspectives on theatre studies. Victor Turner, From Ritual to Theatre: The Human Seriousness of Play (1982), became a point of reference in the 1980s and ’90s for intercultural studies; one such is Richard Schechner, Between Theater & Anthropology (1985).
Relationships of cultural policy to subsidy may be traced in Loren Kruger, The National Stage: Theatre and Cultural Legitimation in England, France, and America (1992); Justin Lewis, Art, Culture, and Enterprise: The Politics of Art and the Cultural Industries (1990); and David L. Looseley, The Politics of Fun: Cultural Policy and Debate in Contemporary France (1995). The historical background to these debates can be traced in William J. Baumol and William G. Bowen, Performing Arts: The Economic Dilemma (1966, reissued 1993); and Tracy C. Davis, The Economics of the British Stage, 1800–1914 (2000). Tracy C. Davis