4. N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii s 1828 po 1855 god [Gusev 1], Moscow, 1954, 236–237.
5. S. M. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye. Ocherki iz istorii roda, Moscow, 1990, 166.
6. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye, 188.
7. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye, 177.
8. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 44.
9. Astolphe, Marquis de Custine, La Russie en 1839, 4 vols, Brussels, 1843.
10. Marquis de Custine, Letters from Russia, tr. and intro. Robin Buss, London, 1991, 63.
11. Gusev 1, 238.
12. Ivan Turgenev, ‘Instead of an Introduction’, Turgenev’s Literary Reminiscences and Autobiographical Fragments, tr. David Magarshack, with an essay by Edmund Wilson, London, 1984, 92–93.
13. Gusev 1, 237.
14. For further details see Donna Tussing Orwin, Tolstoy’s Art and Thought, 1847–1880, Princeton, 1993.
15. See Y. M. Lotman, ‘Kartochnaya igra’, Besedy o russkoi kul’ture, St Petersburg, 1997, 136–163; Ian M. Helfant, The High Stakes of Identity: Gambling in the Life and Literature of Nineteenth-Century Russia, Evanston, 2002.
16. See Ian M. Helfant, ‘Pushkin’s Ironic Performance as a Gambler’, Slavic Review, 58 (1999), 378–92; 373.
17. JE 59, 25.
18. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 39–41.
19. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 44.
20. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 37, 47.
21. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 50–51.
22. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 51–52.
23. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 54.
24. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 55–56.
25. Geir Kjetsaa, Dostoyevsky: A Writer’s Life, tr. Siri Hustvedt and David McDuff, London 1987, 91.
26. Gusev 1, 262.
27. JE 59, 98.
28. See G. S. Demeter, ed., Istoriya tsygan: novyi vzglyad, Voronezh, 2000.
29. Marquis de Custine, Empire of the Czar: The Social, Political, and Religious State and Prospects of Russia, Made During a Journey Through That Empire, 3 vols, London, 1843, vol. 3, 97–98, 248–249.
30. ‘Svyatochnaya noch’’, L. N. Tolstoi, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii v 100 tomakh, vol. 2, Moscow, 2000, 209–232.
31. JE 46, 36–37.
32. S. A. Tolstaya, Dnevniki v dvukh tomakh, ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 410.
33. Gusev 1, 268.
34. Gusev 1, 271.
35. JE 59, 42.
36. JE 59, 45.
37. JE 59, 65, 81.
38. JE 59, 92.
39. JE 59, 87–88.
40. JE 59, 39.
41. JE 59, 49. See Barbara W. Maggs, ‘The Franklin-Tolstoy Influence Controversy’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 129 (1985), pp. 268–277. Tolstoy’s ‘Franklin Journal’ has not survived.
42. See Tom Cain, ‘Tolstoy’s Use of David Copperfield’, Tolstoi in Britain, ed. W. Gareth Jones, Oxford, 1995, 67–78.
43. Richard Gustafson, Leo Tolstoy: Resident and Stranger: A Study in Fiction and Theology, Princeton, 1986, 27.
44. B. Eikhenbaum, Lev Tolstoi v semidesyatie gody, Leningrad, 1974, 254.
45. JE 59, 91; Gusev 1, 283.
46. JE 46, 60.
47. See Charles King, The Ghost of Freedom, Oxford, 2008 for a full overview of Russia’s conquest of the Caucasus.
48. See L. B. Zasedateleva, Terskie kazaki (seredina XVI – nachalo XX v.). Istorikoetnograficheskie ocherki, Moscow, 1974.
49. See V. Astalov, S. Gapurov, ‘Tersko-grebenski kazaki i chechentsy v XVI-XIX vekakh’, L. N. Tolstoi i Sheikh Kunta-Khadzhi Kishnev: problemy mira i gumanizma, Tula, 2006, 17–38.
50. Gusev 1, 310–311.
51. N. N. Gusev, Letopis’ zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890 [Letopis’ 1], Moscow, 1958, 46.
52. For a lively travel guide aimed at British tourists a few decades later, see Oliver Wardrop, The Kingdom of Georgia: Travel in a Land of Women, Wine and Song, London, 1888.
53. See King, The Ghost of Freedom, 84–90.
54. See King, The Ghost of Freedom, 74–75.
55. Gusev 1, 328.
56. Gusev 1, 333–339.
57. Gusev 1, 392.
58. Gusev 1, 394–396.
59. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 124.
60. Letopis’ 1, 65.
61. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 145.
62. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 148; Gusev 1, 501.
63. Gusev 1, 444–449.
64. Gusev 1, 480.
65. Gusev 1, 491.
66. Letopis’ 1 79.
67. Gusev 1, 505.
68. Gusev 1, 501.
69. Letopis’ 1, 81.
70. JE 47, 29.
71. Letopis’ 1, 83.
72. Gusev 1, 508.
73. For an overview of the war see Trevor Royle, Crimea: the Great Crimean War 1854–1856, London, 1999.
74. JE 47, 31.
75. Letopis’ 1, 85.
76. Letopis’ 1, 84.
77. Gusev 1, 518.
78. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 183.
79. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 179.
80. JE 4, 284–285; Gusev 1, 529–531.
81. JE 47, 37–38.
82. Gustafson, Leo Tolstoy: Resident and Stranger, xi–xii.
83. Gusev 1, 537.
84. Leo Tolstoy, The Sebastopol Sketches, tr. and intro. David McDuff, 1986, 51. See McDuff ’s excellent introduction for an overview of the siege of Sebastopol, and of Tolstoy’s reportage.
85. Gusev 1, 548.
86. JE 47, 46.
87. Tolstoy, Sebastopol Sketches, 108.
88. Gusev 1, 590.
89. Gusev 1, 586.
6 Literary Duellist and Repentant Nobleman
1. N. N. Gusev, Letopis’ zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890, Moscow, 1958 [Letopis’ 1], 69.
2. N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii s 1828 po 1855 god [Gusev 1], Moscow, 1954, 430.
3. N. A. Kalinina et al., Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo s sestroi i brat’yami, Moscow, 1990, 186–187.
4. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 187.
5. N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii s 1855 po 1869 god [Gusev 2], Moscow, 1957, 4.
6. R. Bartlett and Anna Benn, Literary Russia: A Guide, London, 2007, 207.
7. Gusev 2, 10.
8. Gusev 2, 5.
9. Gusev 2, 15.
10. JE 34, 385.
11. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 171.
12. JE 47, 65.
13. Gusev 2, 17.
14. Gusev 2, 33.
15. Gusev 2, 30.
16. Gusev 2, 25.
17. Gusev 2, 36.
18. William Coxe, Travels into Poland, Russian, Sweden and Denmark, London, 1784, cited in St Petersburg: A Traveller’s Companion, ed. Laurence Kelly, London, 1981, 70–71.
19. Aleksandr Radishchev, A Journey from St Petersburg to Moscow, tr. Leo Wiener, ed. Roderick Page Thaler, Cambridge, Mass., 1958, 188.
20. Gusev 2, 18.
21. Letopis’ 1, 113.
22. Letopis’ 1, 117.
23. Gusev 2, 54.
24. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 186, 199.
25. S. M. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye. Ocherki iz istorii roda, Moscow, 1990, 188.
26. Gusev 2, 80–83.