27. JE 47, 90–91.
28. Letopis’ 1, 124, 126, 130.
29. Gusev 2, 93.
30. JE 60, 149.
31. JE 60, 151.
32. Andrzej Walicki, A History of Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to Marxism, tr. Hilda Andrews-Rusiecka, Oxford, 1980, 200.
33. N. G. Chernyshevsky, ‘Tolstoy’s Military Tales’, tr. Michael R. Katz, in Tolstoy’s Short Fiction, ed. and tr. Michael Katz, New York, 1991, 368.
34. JE 47, 118.
35. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 206.
36. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 206.
37. Gusev 2, 196.
38. JE 60, 189.
39. In the autumn of 2004 the monastery had to shut the kennels as it could no longer afford to run them.
40. JE 47, 136.
41. Letopis’ 1, 158.
42. JE 47, 140.
43. Gusev 2, 213.
44. Gusev 2, 226.
45. Letopis’ 1, 163.
46. JE 47, 149.
47. JE 60, 222.
48. Gusev 2, 237.
49. Gusev 2, 250.
50. Letopis’ 1, 180.
51. Gusev 2, 286.
52. Gusev 2, 276.
53. Richard Stites, Serfdom, Society and the Arts in Imperial Russia, New Haven, 2005, 317.
54. Gusev 2, 265.
55. Gusev 2, 269.
56. JE 57, 112.
57. Gusev 2, 300.
58. Valeriya Abrosimova, ‘Syn velikogo Tolstogo. Voina i Amerika’, Toronto Slavic Quarterly, 24 (2008): www.utoronto.ca/tsq/24/ambrosimova24.shtml
59. Vladimir Zhdanov, Lyubov’ v zhizni Tolstogo (first published 1928), Moscow, 2005, 43.
60. Gusev 2, 320.
61. L. Sabaneev, Russkaya okhota (first published 1892), Moscow, 2003, 482.
62. Gusev 2, 317.
63. See Hugh McLean, ‘Buried as a Writer and as a Man’, In Quest of Tolstoy, Brighton, Mass., 2008, 3–20.
64. Gusev 2, 331.
65. Jeffrey Brooks, When Russia Learned to Read: Literacy and Popular Literature 1861–1917, Princeton, 1985, 4.
66. Gusev 2, 351.
67. Gusev 2, 367.
68. Gusev 2, 374.
69. Gusev 2, 392.
70. I am grateful to Jennie de Protani, Archivist at the Athenaeum, for supplying me with this information.
71. Letopis’ 1, 225.
72. Victor Lucas, Tolstoy in London, London, 1979.
73. Gusev 2, 403.
74. Gusev 2, 409.
75. Letopis’ 1, 231.
76. Letopis’ 1, 233.
77. Eugene Schuyler, Selected Essays, New York, 1901, 274–275.
78. Gusev 2, 431.
79. Gusev 2, 445.
80. Letopis’ 1, 237.
81. Gusev 2, 445–447.
82. Gusev 2, 459, 484.
83. L. Tolstoi, ‘Yasno-Polyanskaya shkola za Noyabr’ i Dekabr’ mesyatsy’, Yasnaya Polyana, 1 (1862), cited in Aylmer Maude, The Life of Tolstoy (first published in 1930), Ware, 2008, 239–241.
84. Gusev 2, 510.
85. Gusev 2, 481.
86. Eugene Schuyler, ‘Preface’ to Ivan Turgenev, Fathers and Sons, tr. Eugene Schuyler, New York, 1867, vii.
87. Gusev 2, 478.
88. JE 60, 438.
89. JE 60, 436.
7 Husband, Beekeeper and Epic Poet
1. JE 48, 48.
2. S. A. Tolstaya, ‘Moya zhizn’’, Novy mir, 8 (1978), 360.
3. Eugene Schuyler, Selected Essays, New York, 1901, 216.
4. JE 48, 40.
5. S. L. Tolstoy, Ocherki bylogo, 3rd rev. edn, Tula, 1965, 15.
6. N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii s 1855 po 1869 god [Gusev 2], Moscow, 1957, 641.
7. The Autobiography of Countess Sophie Tolstoi, preface and notes by Vasilii Spiridonov, tr. S. S. Koteliansky and Leonard Woolf, Richmond, 1922, 10.
8. T. A. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn’ doma i v Yasnoi Poliane, ed. T. N. Volkova, Tula, 1973, 58.
9. S. A. Tolstaya, Dnevniki v dvukh tomakh, ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 476.
10. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 480.
11. JE 60, 441–442.
12. N. A. Kalinina et al., Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo s sestroi i brat’yami, Moscow, 1990, 242.
13. Gusev 2, 578.
14. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 491.
15. JE 48, 41.
16. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 490.
17. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn’, 143.
18. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn’, 138.
19. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 492.
20. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn’, 139.
21. JE 48, 46.
22. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 40, 54.
23. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 495.
24. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn’, 197.
25. Tolstaya, ‘Moya zhizn’’, Novy mir, 44.
26. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn’, 196.
27. Tolstaya, ‘Moya zhizn’’, Novy mir, 35.
28. N. Nikitina, Povsednevnaya zhizn L’va Tolstogo v Yasnoi polyane, Moscow, 2007, 94.
29. Povarennaya kniga S. A. Tolstoi, Tula, 1991.
30. Tolstaya, ‘Moya zhizn’’, Novy mir, 35.
31. JE 60, 448.
32. JE 48, 46.
33. JE 48, 47.
34. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 44.
35. Autobiography of Countess Sophie Tolstoi, 86.
36. The story is about an alcoholic, renegade peasant bearing this nickname who is so mortified after failing, through no fault of his own, to carry out a task he has been entrusted with by his mistress, who has given him a chance to redeem himself, that he ends up committing suicide.
37. Georgy Lesskis, Lev Tolstoi (1852–1869), Moscow, 2000, 310.
38. Lesskis, Lev Tolstoi, 344 (Gnedich’s 1829 translation).
39. Gusev 2, 584.
40. JE 61, 23–24.
41. Gusev 2, 594.
42. Tolstaya, ‘Moya zhizn’’, Novy mir, 36.
43. JE 60, 455.
44. N. N. Gusev, Letopis’ zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890, Moscow, 1958 [Letopis’ 1], 287.
45. JE 60, 451.
46. S. Stakhovich, ‘Kak pisalsya “Kholstomer”’, L. N. Tolstoi, vol. 1, Moscow, 1938, 332–336.
47. Tolstaya, ‘Moya zhizn’’, Novy mir, 36.
48. Gusev 2, 603.
49. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn’, 201.
50. JE 61, 15.
51. Nikitina, Povsednevnaya zhizn L’va Tolstogo, 92, 95.
52. Letopis’ 1, 285.
53. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 54.
54. I. I. Mints and S. A. Tolstaya-Esenina, eds., Yasnaya Polyana: stat’i, dokumenty, Moscow, 1942, 105.
55. Tolstaya, ‘Moya zhizn’’, Novy mir, 39.
56. Nikitina, Povsednevnaya zhizn L’va Tolstogo, 98–99.
57. S. A. Tolstaya, ‘Moya zhizn’’, Oktyabr’, 9 (1998), 148.
58. I am grateful to Thomas Newlin for letting me read his unpublished article ‘“Swarm Life” and the Biology of War and Peace’, and for his help with Russian beekeeping terminology.
59. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn’, 162.
60. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn’, 217–218.
61. Tolstaya, ‘Moya zhizn’’, Novy mir, 41.
62. JE 48, 59.
63. JE 48, 58.
64. For a detailed account see Kathryn B. Feuer, Tolstoy and the Genesis of ‘War and Peace’, ed. Robin Feuer Miller and Donna Tussing Orwin, Ithaca, 1996.