11. See Sergii Chetverikov, Optina Pustyn’, Paris, 1926; Leonard J. Stanton, The Optina Pustyn Monastery in the Russian Literary Imagination: Iconic Vision in Works by Dostoevsky, Gogol, Tolstoy, and others, New York, 1995.
12. P. Matveev, ‘L. N. Tolstoi i N. N. Strakhov v Optinoi Pustyni’, Istoricheskii vestnik, 2 (1907), 151–157.
13. www.optina.ru/starets/amvrosiy_life_full/
14. JE 62, 335; N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii s 1870 po 1881 god [Gusev 3], Moscow, 1963, 442.
15. Matveev, ‘L. N. Tolstoi i N. N. Strakhov v Optinoi Pustyni’, 153–154.
16. Gusev 3, 441.
17. Gusev 3, 442.
18. JE 62, 334.
19. Gusev 3, 436.
20. JE 62, 353.
21. Matveev, ‘L. N. Tolstoi i N. N. Strakhov v Optinoi Pustyni’, 155.
22. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 505.
23. S. L. Tolstoi, Ocherki bylogo, Moscow, 1949, 59.
24. Letopis’ 1, 481.
25. V. I. Alekseev, ‘Vospominaniya’, L. N. Tolstoi: K 120-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya (1828– 1948), 2 vols, ed. N. N. Gusev, Moscow, 1948, vol. 2, 232–330.
26. JE 62, 422, 509.
27. S. L. Tolstoi, Ocherki bylogo, 57.
28. Mark Aldanov, ‘A Russian Commune in Kansas’, Russian Review, 1 (1944), 30–44.
29. N. Nikitina, Povsednevnaya zhizn L’va Tolstogo v Yasnoi polyane, Moscow, 2007, 286.
30. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 191, 239, 384.
31. M. Zabylin, Russkii narod: obychai, predaniya, obryady i sueveriya, Moscow, 2003, 74; O. G. Baranova et al., Russkii prazdnik. Prazdniki i obryady narodnogo zemledel’cheskogo kalendarya: illyustrirovannaya entsiklopediya, St Petersburg, 2002, 570–578; Andrei Sinyavsky, Ivan the Fooclass="underline" Russian Folk Belief, A Cultural History, tr. Joanne Turnbull and Nikolai Formozov, Moscow, 2007, 245–247.
32. Alekseev, ‘Vospominaniya’, 250.
33. T. L. Sukhotina-Tolstaya, Vospominaniya, Moscow, 1976, 437.
34. Edward Spencer Beesly, The Life and Death of William Frey, London, 1888, 3.
35. Gusev 3, 504.
36. S. A. Tolstaya, Pis’ma k L. N. Tolstomu, 1862–1910, Moscow, 1936, 146.
37. Alekseev, ‘Vospominaniya’, 250–263. See also, 85, 80.
38. Tolstaya, Pis’ma k L. N. Tolstomu, 150.
39. Gusev 3, 476.
40. Gusev 3, 476–467.
41. Letopis’ 1, 491.
42. Gusev 3, 476.
43. JE 83, 249.
44. S. M. Tolstoi, ‘Edinstvennaya sestra’, Prometei, 12 (1980), 273.
45. Letopis’ 1, 493, 497.
46. Letopis’ 1, 492, 495.
47. It was estimated that there were between 20 and 35 million Old Believers and sectarians in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century, and that as much as a third of the population was sectarian by 1917: see A. Etkind, Khlyst: sekty, literatura i revolyutsiya, Moscow, 1998, 34.
48. Robin Milner-Gulland, The Russians, Oxford, 1997, 123.
49. N. Berdyaev, ‘Dukhovnoe khristianstvo i sektantstvo v Rossii’, Russkaya mysl’, 11 (1916).
50. Khlysty also means ‘flagellants’, but they did not as a rule practise flagellation.
51. Malcolm V. Jones, ‘A Note on Mr. J. G. Blissmer and the Society for the Encouragement of Spiritual and Ethical Reading’, Slavonic and East European Review, 130 (January 1975), 93.
52. See E. Heier, Religious Schism in the Russian Aristocracy 1860–1900: Radstockism and Pashkovism, The Hague, 1970.
53. N. A. Kalinina et al., Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo s sestroi i brat’yami, Moscow, 1990, 266–268, 284.
54. S. A. Behrs, Recollections of Count Leo Tolstoy, tr. Charles Edward Turner, London, 1893, 95.
55. Donald Mackenzie Wallace, Russia, London, 1877, 294.
56. Mackenzie Wallace, Russia, 331.
57. Gusev 3, 509.
58. Sukhotina-Tolstaya, Vospominaniya, 245.
59. Gusev 3, 512–514.
60. Gusev 3, 533, 536.
61. Letopis’ 1, 488.
62. Jules Montels, ‘L’État d’âme de Tolstoï en 1878–1880’, Les Temps Nouveaux, 10 December 1910, 5–6.
63. Gusev 3, 538.
64. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 100.
65. JE 62, 477.
66. Gusev 3, 564.
67. Gusev 3, 566.
68. JE 62, 487.
69. Gusev 3, 567.
70. Gusev 3, 570.
71. See Christine Worobec, ‘The Unintended Consequences of a Surge in Orthodox Pilgrimages in Late Imperial Russia’, Russian History, 36 (2009), 62–76.
72. Gusev 3, 584.
73. Gusev 3, 585.
74. 2 Peter, 2: 22: ‘Of [False Teachers] the proverbs are true: “A dog returns to its vomit”.’ Proverbs 26: 11 reads: ‘As a dog returns to its vomit, so a fool returns to its folly.’
75. Gusev 3, 603.
76. Gusev 3, 609.
77. Gusev 3, 610.
78. S. A. Tolstaya, ‘Moya zhizn’’, Prometei, 12 (1980), 168.
79. Gusev 3, 506.
80. Gusev 3, 644.
81. Gusev 3, 625.
82. JE 83, 270.
83. Count N. [sic] Tolstoi, Childhood and Youth, tr. M. von Meysenbug, London, 1862.
84. See Will Ryan, ‘W. R. S. Ralston and the Russian Folktale’, Folklore, 120 (2009), 2, 123–132.
85. JE 62, 448.
86. W. R. S. Ralston, ‘Count Leo Tolstoy’s Novels’, The Nineteenth Century, 4 (1879), 651.
87. Konstantin Mochulsky, Dostoevsky: His Life and Work, tr. Michael A. Minihan, Princeton, 1967, 639.
88. Gusev 3, 639.
89. Letopis’ 1, 531.
90. Letopis’ 1, 526–527.
91. Gusev 3, 641.
92. Gusev 3, 653.
93. Gusev 3, 637.
94. Gusev 3, 640.
95. Gusev 3, 612.
96. See Pål Kolstø, ‘Leo Tolstoy, a Church Critic Influenced by Orthodox Thought’, in Church, Nation and State in Russia and Ukraine, ed. Geoffrey Hosking, London, 1991, 148–66.
97. Gusev 3, 619–625.
98. JE 23, 541.
99. Gusev 3, 613.
100. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 507–508.
101. Gusev 3, 667.
102. Novum Testamentum Graece. Textum ad fidem codicum, versionum, et patrum recensuit et lectionis varietatem adjecit D. Jo. Jac. Griesbach, Jena, 1818; Edouard Reuss, La Bible. Traduction nouvelle avec introduction et commentaires, 17 vols, Paris, 1764–1881.
103. Ernest J. Simmons, Tolstoy, London, 1973, 107.
104. See David Matual, Tolstoy’s Translation of the Gospels: A Critical Study, Lewiston, 1992.
105. I. I. Ivakin, ‘Vospominaniya o Tolstom’, Literaturnoe nasledtsvo, 69 (1961), vol. 2, 40.
106. Ivakin, ‘Vospominaniya o Tolstom’, 40.
107. JE 24, 25.
108. Gusev 3, 670.
109. Vladimir Zhdanov, Lyubov’ v zhizni Tolstogo (1928), Moscow, 2005, 214.
110. Gusev 3, 18.
111. Ray Monk, Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius, Oxford, 1990, 116.
112. Gusev 3, 28.
113. Letopis’ 1, 537.
114. L. N. Tolstoi v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov, 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 293–315; S. Tolstaya. ‘Iz zapisok Grafini Sofii Andreevny Tolstoi pod zaglaviem ‘Moya zhizn’. ‘Chetyre poseshcheniya gr. L’va Nikolaevicha Tolstogo monastyrya “Optina Pustyn”’, Tolstovskii ezhegodnik, Moscow, 1913, 4–6.