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2. Taxonomy, Anatomy, Physiology and Nutritional Aspects
Lochan Singh, Ashutosh Upadhyay, and Ashok K. Dhawan
National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonepat, India
2.1 Introduction
By definition, roots originate from the radicle in the embryo, lack nodes and leaves, lie below the soil surface (though sometimes aerial), are responsible for nutrient-water uptake and other physiological processes like food storage, support and vegetative reproduction. The stem, on the other hand, originates from the plumule part of the plant embryo, has ingeminate leaf units arranged on nodes in definite patterns, internodes and apical buds contributing to an above-ground main structural system. Roots and stems collectively form a complete vascular plant and may undergo modifications to fulfill some specialized functions. The root tuber is one such underground structural modification aimed at storage of food and food reserves. Similarly, storage organs rich in carbohydrate, developed partially or completely from underground stems, are a form of stem tubers (Saadu et al. 2009; Villordon et al. 2014). Crops like Sweet potatoes, Cassava, Carrot, Parsnip, Radish, Turnip, Beets, Celery, Salsify, Chicory, Ginger, Daikon, Parsley, Rutabaga, Bush carrot, Maca, Burdock, Yam Daisy, Ahipa, Bush potato, Black cumin, Black salsify, Mangelwuzrel, Skirret and Dandelion belong to the root group specifically, whereas Potatoes, Plecranthus, Orange daylily, Yellow lily yam, Native ginger, Pignut, Mauka, Yacon, Desert yam, Bread root, Hog potato, Earthnut pea, Kembli, Dazo and Chinese artichoke belong to the tuber group. Onion and Garlic form fibrous roots or bulbs, while Elephant ears and Taro are Corms. Mignonette vine specifically belongs to the stem tuber category. The scientific name and prevalent classification of these edible tubers and root crops of tropical and subtropical regions are listed in Table 2.1.