― Present classification Umbelliferae, The latest taxonomic monograph of Daucus was by Sáenz Laín (1981), who recognized 20 species.
― Close alliance plants/Origin taxa An ancestral wild form of Daucus carota subsp. Carota.
Infraspecific classification Among the 9 D. carota subspecies described for the Iberian Peninsula, 5 are represented in Continental Portugal from which 4 are native, namely: D. carota L. subsp. carota; D. carota L. subsp. maximus (Desf.) Bal; D. carota L. subsp. gummifer (Syme) Hook. and D. carota L. subsp. halophilus (Brot.) A. Pujadas. The first 3 subspecies are distributed throughout Portugal, while the latter taxon is a Portuguese endemism, occurring only in 3 provinces in the center and southwest regions.
Groups Daucus carota subsp. sativus is the only cultivated form of the species. Reduron recognized 5 species within subgroup carota and 4 subspecies within subgroup gummifer, first group above. Taxonomically, there are 917 accessions identified as D. carota, with 247 of these identified as D. carota with a variety or subspecies designation (1164 D. carota total), leaving 217 accessions identified as other Daucus species.
Status Despite of the several descriptions available in different floras, the distinction of the different subspecies is difficult.
References Spooner et al., 2014; Tavares et al., 2014; Lee and Downie, 1999
Plant Pastinaca Sativa
Taxonomic position
― Earlier classification Tournefort gave a drawing of an Umbellifereae plant named Pastinaca, which was adopted by Linneaus (1753). Miller mentioned three names: Pastinaca sativa latifolia, P. sylvestris latifolia, and P. sylvestris altissima. These were changed to binomial names by Linneaus: Pastinaca sativa var. sylvestris, P. sativa var. sativa, and P. opopanax, respectively.
― Present classification Adanson was the first to combine Umbelliferae (Umbellatae) with Araliaceae and recognized 9 sections in the family, putting the genus in the Pastinacae. Bieberstein, Bernhard and De Candolle studied the genus. Schischkin in Flora of the USSR, followed Boissier’s treatment of 1872.
― Close alliance plants/Origin taxa
Infraspecific classification Boissier recognized 3 subsections in the genus using the habit, bract, bracteole and petal characters, and introduced 3 new species. Calestani combined the genera Pastinaca, Malabaila, Heracleum, Zosima, Lophotaenia, Ainsworthia, Wendiana, and Tordylium under the genus name Pastinaca. He divided the genus into 6 sections. Koso-Poljansky slightly changed Calestani’s work, recognizing 2 sections, 7 subsections and 2 groups.
Groups The genus is found to contain 8 species and 4 subspecies. Pastinaca latifolia DC. is regarded as a subspecies of P. sativa.
Status The taxonomic positions of these 3 specimens also cannot be determined
References Menemen and Jury, 2001
Plant Raphanus sativus (Radish)
Taxonomic position
― Earlier classification Chloroplast and mitochondrial RFLP data suggest that Raphanus is closely related to the rapa/oleracea lineage, whereas nuclear RFLP data suggests that Raphanus is closely related to the nigra lineage, suggesting that Raphanus is a hybrid between the rapa/oleracea and the nigra lineages.
― Present classification Brassica species were divided into 2 evolutionary lineages: the nigra lineage and the rapa/oleracea lineage.
― Close alliance plants/Origin taxa Raphanus to the nigra lineage than to the rapa/oleracea lineage. The radish is believed to have evolved from Raphanus raphanistrum, a widely distributed weed in Europe.
Infraspecific classification Ecological of radish cultivars comprises 5 main varieties, viz., Raphanus sativus var. niger (Mill) Pers.; var. radicula DC.; var. raphanistroides Makino; var. candatus (L.), and var. oleifer Netz.
Groups An Old World genus of tribe Brassiceae, composed of 2 species: radish, R. sativus (n = 9, R genome), and wild radish, R. raphanistrum (n = 9). Important R. sativus crop varieties include small radish (var. sativus or radicula) grown for its edible root, black or large radish (var. niger or longipinnatus) grown for its roots, leaves, and young seed pods (believed to be the oldest type); mougri, rat-tailed, or aerial radish (var. mougri or caudatus).
Status Some controversy as to the probable center of origin of R. sativus.
References Warwick, 2011; Kalia, 2008, Yang et al., 2002
Plant Brassica spp. (Turnip)
Taxonomic position
― Earlier classification Bailey published extensively on the morphologically- based of cultivated B. rapa and related species.
― Present classification subsp. rapa, formerly subsp. rapifera. The parents of cultivated turnip are found wild in Russia, Siberia and Scandinavia.
― Close alliance plants/Origin taxa B. septiceps, seven-top turnip or Italian kale (a vegetable grown in the eastern United States), clustered with subsp. rapa, supporting its purported affiliation with subsp. rapa.
Infraspecific classification A number of genetic or phylogenetic relationships has been proposed for taxa within B. rapa, based on morphology, geographical distribution, isozymes and nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data.
Groups Various data have indicated a division of B. rapa into “western” and “eastern” groups, perhaps corresponding to two independent centers of origin. The western, or European, group includes vegetable turnip and oilseed turnip rape; India — Asian oilseed types are putatively derived from the latter. The eastern, or Asian, group contains the various Asian vegetables indicated above.
Status Breeding work in the turnip is almost at a halt, except for the maintenance of existing cultivars marketed by the major international Japanese and European seed companies.