Chinese Eastern Railway, 212, 251 Chkheidze, Nikolai, 25, 27 Chornovil, Vyacheslav, 622 Christian Committee for the Defense of
Believers' Rights, 673 Chronicle of Current Events, The, 617, 622
Chronicle of the Catholic Church of
Lithuania, 622, 673 Chudnovsky, Grigory, 41 churches:
antireligion five year plan and, 265
antireligious propaganda and, 175
Baptist, 492, 495, 590
Catholic, 622, 675-76
clergy for, 674
closing of, 673
emigr6s and, 177—78
famine relief from, 136—37
Islamic, 671, 676—77
under Khrushchev, 590—91
after October revolution, 61
"Red," 217-18
repression of, 673—74
Russian Orthodox, 175-76, 407-10,
590-91, 673, 674-75 schisms within, 137—38, 175—76 under Soviet constitution, 224 state in conflict with, 136 Uniate, 453, 455 during World War II, 407-10 Church Famine Relief Committee, 137 Churchill, Winston, 88-89, 91, 255,
301, 352, 362, 390, 404, 405, 411, 414, 416, 459, 519, 653 in Balkans agreement, 416—17 at Potsdan conference, 438, 439, 440 at Yalta conference, 419—26
Ciliga, Ante, 205, 207, 227, 247, 279 cinema, 275
City of the Sun (Campanella), 53 civil rights movement, 591 civil war, Russian, 77—92, 153
Bolshevik popular support in, 85—86 casualties in, 120
in Cossack regions, 77-79, 82-83, 87 Czechs in, 79-80 foreign intervention in, 88—92 Lenin's authority in, 86—87 peasants in, 85, 86, 98-107 Red terror in, 87—88 Soviet strategic advantages in, 83—84 in Urals region, 98—99 White Army defeat in, 84-85 Clausewitz, Karl von, 631 Clear Stream, The (Shostakovich), 292 Clemenceau, Georges, 62, 89 coal production, 15, 225, 317 collective farms:
consolidation campaign for, 474 MTSs and, 549-50 payments to, 283
private plots on, 262, 515-16, 550-
551, 687-88 quotas for, 473 under state apparatus, 547 state farm transformation of, 545, 633 unauthorized appropriations of lands from, 471-72 collectivization, 233—44 arrests in, 240—41 demographic results of, 242—43 economic results of, 241—42 famine resulting from, 238 livestock destroyed in, 237 obligatory deliveries under, 240 quotas for, 234
resistance to, 236-38, 469-70 sociological effects of, 243—44 Cominform, 458, 504 Comintern, 310, 311, 355-56, 413, 417 Fourth Congress of, 254—55 Sixth Congress of, 216, 252-53 Soviet foreign policy conducted by, 123-25, 209 Commercial-Industrial Gazette, 202 Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, 124 Commissariat of Labor, 259—60 Commissariat of Workers' and Peasants'
Inspection, 223 Commission to Improve the Lives of Children, 173
Committee for the Liberation of the
Peoples of Russia (KONR), 433-35 Committee of Soviet Women, 698—99 Committee of Struggle Against Counterrevolution, 36 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU):
under constitution of 1936, 287-88 in cultural affairs, 191-94 family policies of, 171 federalization plan accepted by, 155— 156
"general line" in, 184-85, 204-5 during Great Terror, 301, 302, 303, 307
individual vs. collective leadership in, 607
Khrushchev's restructuring of, 598—99, 604
Lenin and, 128-29, 131, 132, 158- 159, 164
literature controlled by, 191-94, 199-
200, 487-90 nationalism used by, 668—69 nationalist movements and, 152—53 NEP and, 127-28 1929 purge in, 223 1933 purge in, 279-80 1981 membership of, 608 Old Guard in, 183 patriotism and, 93-94, 481-82 patron-prot6g6 system in, 302—3 political utility in, 204 postwar membership of, 509 recruitment in, 183 rotation rule in, 604 social composition of, 479—80 Soviet Europe plan and, 505—6 Stalin and, 129-30, 133, 182-83 structure of, 158-59, 164-65 as totalitarian, 131—33 wartime growth of, 479 see also Central Committee; Politburo; Presidium Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Congresses of: Ninth, 159, 161 Tenth, 131, 299
Eleventh, 133, 134, 149, 150, 152-
153, 162 Twelfth, 149, 151, 156, 161, 164 Thirteenth, 165, 181 Fourteenth, 181, 182, 189-90 Fifteenth, 190-91
Sixteenth, 223, 244-45 Seventeenth, 242, 249-50, 251, 278, 324
Eighteenth, 250, 308, 329 Nineteenth, 474-75, 500, 512 Twentieth, 520-21, 526, 529-33,
552, 562-63, 613, 630 Twenty-second, 305, 572, 597-98,
618, 643, 685 Twenty-third, 607, 610, 611, 614-15 Twenty-fourth, 630, 642 Twenty-fifth, 644, 646, 653, 731 Twenty-sixth, 608, 677 Composers' Union, 489, 490 compulsory labor service, 60, 116 Congo crisis (1960), 572 Congress of Kolkhoz Shock Workers, 285 Congress of the Soviets (1917), 32, 43 Conquest, Robert, 208, 211, 242, 279,
306, 381 conscription, 339, 375—76 Constituent Assembly, 47-48 constitution, Russian, 70 constitution, Soviet, 64, 68 civil rights under, 591 Communist party under, 608 foreign policy chapter in, 687 general secretary's position under, 725 of 1924, 157 of 1936, 287-90 of 1977, 685-86 religion under, 224 Constitutional Democrats, see Cadets consumer goods, 464 Cooper, Hugh, 231 corruption, 465, 664, 706-8 Corvalan, Luis, 684
Cossacks, 74, 77-79, 82-83, 87, 100-
101, 236, 395-96 cost of living, 475—77 Council for Church Affairs, 674—75 Council of Labor and Defense, 203 Council of People's Commissars, 43, 46, 48, 54, 63, 65, 66, 72, 149, 174 Council of Workers' and Peasants'
Defense, 67 Crimea, 74—75
Crimean Tatar National party, 74—75 Crimean Tatars, 73, 396, 419, 534—35, 582
Cripps, Stafford, 362 Cuba, 573-78, 691 Cuban Communist party, 573 Cuban missile crisis, 573—78
cult of personality, 531—32, 567, 607 culture, 191-200
Communist party control over, 487—92 correct ideological orientation in, 678— 679
during Five Year Plan of 1929, 269-76 1970s purge in, 680-81 Proletkult and, 192-93 renewal of, 678 Silver Age in, 16 Culture and Life, 484, 487, 489 Czech Legion, 79, 90 Czechoslovak Communist party, 504, 624 Czechoslovakia, 66, 328-29, 417, 436- 437, 521 emigration from, 683 Prague Spring in, 621-29 Soviet missiles in, 718—19
D'Abernon, Lord, 97
Dale, Henry Hallet, 485
Dan, Fedor, 291
Danger, Zionism! (Ivanov), 670
Daniel, Yuli, 612-16, 618-19
Davies, Joseph, 309
Days of the Turbins, The (Bulgakov), 200
Dead Souls (Gogol), 159-60
death penalty, 65, 66—67
Deborin, Abram, 265
ОеЬгё, Michel, 629
Declaration of Rights of the Peoples of
Russia, 72 Decree on Land (1917), 98 Dekanozov, Vladimir, 363 Delone, Vadim, 627 Demin, Lieutenant-Colonel, 657 Democratic Centralists, 279 Democratic League of Socialists, 586 democratic movement, 616—17 Denikin, Anton, 78-79, 82, 83, 84, 85,