New Economic Policy (NEP), 114-19, 121, 125-26, 134-35, 147 American standards applied to, 217 capitalist economic forms under, 126—
127, 168 in culture, 197 debates on, 187-88 end of, 201-2, 207-8 Five Year Plan of 1929 and, 262, 263 Nepmen and, 168 results of, 170, 508 United Opposition and, 204—5 New York Times, 256, 639, 692, 697,
705, 715 Nicaragua, 691, 721 Nicolaevsky, Boris, 278, 287, 288, 289,
291, 434 Nicolas I, Tsar of Russia, 290 Nicolas II, Tsar of Russia, 17, 18, 20-21,
25, 26, 27, 67, 70, 169, 202 Nielsen, Asta, 176 Nikishov, Ivan, 382-83 Nikitin, Aleksei, 690 Nikolaev, Leonid, 277-78 Nikolaevich, Grand Duke Nikolai, 177 Nikulin, Lev, 255-56 1984 (Orwell), 208, 608 Nixon, Richard M., 650-51 NKVD (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 311, 496 as economic cornerstone, 319—20 emigr6s and, 312—13 establishment of, 280 executions by, 279
during Great Terror, 303—8, 319 Katyn massacre and, 404, 405-6, 407 Nazi Germany monitored by, 326, 327 in Poland, 342 prison labor used by, 319—20 in repatriation, 451 in Ukrainian insurrections, 453, 454 war exiles and, 533—34 during World War II, 393 nomenklatura, 608—9 under Brezhnev, 696—99 dynasties within, 697—98 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 459, 642, 717-18 Norway, 122, 209, 351, 354, 356, 357 Noske, Gustav, 275 Not by Bread Alone (Dudintsev), 579 Novak, Zenon, 538 Novaya zhizn, 39, 42, 53 Nove, Alex, 633 Novikov, Aleksandr, 500 Novocherkassk riot, 592-97 Novoe vremya, 716 Novotny, Antonin, 623 Novozhilov, Valentin, 611 Novy grad, 312 Novy mir, 587-88 nuclear freeze, 718
nuclear nonproliferation treaty (1968), 636 nuclear test ban treaty (1963), 578 nuclear weapons, 572—73, 591—92 end of U.S. superiority in, 641—42 1968 nonproliferation treaty on, 636 Nuremberg trials, 338, 405 Nuzhdin, Nikolai, 483
Oak and the Calf The (Solzhenitsyn),
604-5 Observer (London), 122 Occidental Petroleum, 649 October, 659 October revolution:
armed insurrection in, 38—39 disorder after, 53—54 February revolution compared to, 43 intelligentsia and, 55—56 leaders of, 38
nationalist movements and, 71 peasants and, 58-59 Petrograd taken in, 41—42 Provisional Government collapse in, 39-43
Russian state disintegrated in, 76
October revolution (cont.) workers and, 56—58 World War I as cause of, 15 see cdso civil war Octobrists, 21, 22 Ogarkov, Nikolai, 719-20, 726 Ogurtsov, Igor, 620 oil production, 225, 317 Okhrana, 22-23 Okhrimovich, 456 okruzhentsy, 381, 382 Okudzhava, Bulat, 585, 696-97 Okulicki, Leon, 422 Old King and the Young, The, 298 Olshansky, Doctor, 407 On Guard, 194, 199, 200 On the Irtysh (Zalygin), 680 One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich,
(Solzhenitsyn), 588, 602, 613 Operation Trust, 313 Orbeli, Leon, 484
Ordzhonikidze, Georgy, 112, 113, 114, 156
as industry commissar, 231 as Transcaucasian Bureau head, 156 Oreshin, Petr, 217 Organizational Bureau (Orgburo), 87 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
(OUN), 397, 453-56, 496 Orlov, Aleksandr, 242, 273, 277, 305, 306
Orlov, Yuri, 591, 663, 665-66 Orwell, George, 9, 208, 295, 608 Osadchy, Mikola, 622 Osinsky, Valerian, 161 Osipov, Vladimir, 585, 667, 669 Osorgin, Mikhail, 117 Ossinotorf Brigade, 428 Ossovsky, Yakov, 205 Ost, Plan, 393-94 Outer Mongolia, 212
Pakistan, 720 Palmov, I. S., 141 Panfilov, Ivan, 384 Pannowitz, Helmut von, 396 parasitism, 560—61, 666 Pare ham, 693
Parents' Book, The (Makarenko), 286
Paris Commune, 51, 62
Party Card, 286
Parvus, Alexander, 34
Pascal, Pierre, 38
passports, internal, 260
Pasternak, Boris, 197, 243-44, 579-81, 587
patriotism, 93-94, 295, 481-82 anti-Semitism and, 486—87 nationalism vs., 668 official, 578-79 Pauling, Linus, 591 Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich von,
400-401 Pavlenko, Petr, 297, 302 Pavlov, Dmitry, 371 Pavlov, Ivan, 141, 265, 290-91, 484 Pavlov, Georgy, 612
Pavlovsky Regiment, Fourth Company of, 25
peace movement, 504 Peasant Army, 102 peasants:
Bukharin's program for, 188—89 in civil war, 85, 86, 98-107 under communal land share law, 17 under compulsory labor service, 60 electoral rights of, 64 February revolution mandates presented
by, 30-31 in grain crisis, 205, 206—7 as kulaks, 99-100 Lenin's program for, 44 as lishentsy, 64
nationalist movements among, 71 NEP and, 114-15, 135, 509 after October revolution, 58—59 taxes on, 202, 515-16 see also collectivization; kulaks pedology, 291-92 Pedology, 291 penal code, 142 pension laws, 558—59 People's Army of Izhevsk, 99 People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs,
see NKVD People's Commissariat of Justice, 67 People's Commissariat of Nationalities, 154
people's patrols, 712 Pereverzev, V., 270, 272 Persia, 125
Pervukhin, Mikhail, 552 Peters, Yakov, 65 Petersburg (Bely), 70 Peter the Great, 10, 295, 298 Peter the Great (Tolstoy), 296 Peter III, Tsar of Russia, 10 Petlyura, Simon, 93
Petrichenko, Stepan, 108, 110 Petrograd Commissariat of Food Supply, 64
Petrograd Committee, 26 Petrograd demonstration of July 4, 1917, 32-33
Petrograd Military Organization (PMO),
39, 139 Petrograd Soviet, 36, 41 Petropavlovsk, 108 Petrov, Vladimir, 303 Petrovsky, Grigory, 65—66 Petrzhak, K. A., 439 philosophy, 265—66 Phoenix, 616 Phoenix y61, 585 physics, 485-86 Pickford, Mary, 176
Pilnyak, Boris, 197, 202, 206-7, 270-71
Pilsudski, Jozef, 92, 93, 95, 96
Pioneers, 281-82, 657
Pisar, Samuel, 639
Pisarev, Sergei, 290
Plan Barbarossa, 356, 359, 361
Plan Ost, 393-94
Platform of the Forty-Six, 163-64
Platonov, Andrei, 59, 243, 275
Platonov, Sergei, 290
Plekhanov, Georgii, 67, 162-63, 265
Plevitskaya, Nadezhda, 313
Pliev, Issa, 536, 594
podpisant, 615
Podvoisky, Nikolai, 41
Ротсагё, Raymond, 228
Pogruzhalsky, 586
Pokrovsky, Mikhail, 9, 102, 111, 172,
268, 269, 293, 295, 298 Poland:
Catholic church in, 675—76 censorship in, 679—80 economic difficulties in, 646—47 emigration policies of, 683 German invasion of, 339—42, 349, 351 Katyn massacre and, 403—7 martial law in, 689 Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact talks and, 329, 330-31, 333, 334-36 1956 rebellion in, 536-38 Potsdam conference decisions on, 439 Red Army occupation of, 415—16 Soviet nonaggression pact with, 252 state security agencies in, 526—27 Ukranian insurgents, in, 454-55 Warsaw uprising in, 415—16