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Chapter 20. Vanilla Production in India
Y.R. Sarma, Joseph Thomas, B. Sasikumar, and S. Varadarasan
Introduction
Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia G. Jackson), a native of southeastern Mexico, is a high-value aromatic orchid spice commercially cultivated in Madagascar, Indonesia, Mexico, Uganda, Comoros, India, and others. It was introduced to India during 1835. As per the documentary evidence (Anonymous, 1992), it was first cultivated at Kallar and Burliar Fruit Research Station, Nilgiris during 1945 and later at Regional Agriculture Research Station, Ambalavayal, Wynad, Kerala. Few enterprising farmers and coffee planters of Wynad took up its cultivation as an intercrop in shade tree plantations under the technical guidance of the Ambalavayal research farm in Wynad and the then Government of Kerala encouraged cultivation of vanilla in the tribal settlement at Cheengeri at Ambalavayal as an alternative income-generating crop during 1960. Similarly, some growers in and around Kallar–Burliar Fruit Research Station, Gudallur and Nilgiris also started cultivating vanilla during the same period. It gradually spread to several parts of Kerala, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, West Bengal, and Assam through innovative farmers. However, almost all these initial attempts did not succeed due to improper care, lack of knowledge, or absence of technical and market support. Nevertheless, these plantations served as a source of planting material for vanilla development programs initiated by various agencies, later on.
Successful production and marketing of vanilla beans was reported from 1 ha of vanilla plantation in Sasthan in South Kanara district in Karnataka. The growers of South and North Kanara districts gradually took up cultivation of this crop and now the state accounts for the largest area under vanilla cultivation/plantation with 58% of the crop in India.
Area, Production, and Export
Vanilla has become a commercial crop in India, only recently, largely due to the promotional activities taken up by the Spices Board of India since the mid-1990s. Today India is an identified source of quality vanilla beans in the international market. Export of cured beans was 305.1 metric tons at a value of Rs. 2670 lakhs (about $5.8 million) during 2008–2009. Some quantity of vanilla oleoresin was also exported during the corresponding period. The area and production of vanilla in India and its exports are given in Tables 20.1 and 20.2.
| State | 2002–2003 | 2003–2004 | 2004–2005 | 2005–2006 | 2006–2007 | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Area | Yielding Area | Prodn (cured) | Yield (cured) | Total Area | Yielding Area | Prodn (cured) | Yield (cured) | Total Area | Yielding area | Prodn (cured) | Yield (cured) | Total Area | Yielding Area | Prodn (cured) | Yield (cured) | Total Area | Yielding Area | Prodn (cured) | Yield (cured) | |
| Kerala | 812 | 239 | 19 | 79 | 1147 | 342 | 34 | 98 | 1707 | 575 | 68 | 143 | 1985 | 883 | 82 | 92 | 2206 | 1278 | 122 | 95 |
| Tamilnadu | 268 | 130 | 19 | 146 | 465 | 180 | 18 | 99 | 577 | 186 | 16 | 108 | 732 | 249 | 22 | 89 | 705 | 333 | 23 | 68 |
| Karnataka | 1465 | 545 | 54 | 99 | 1931 | 732 | 82 | 113 | 3086 | 1187 | 112 | 101 | 3098 | 1751 | 84 | 48 | 2218 | 1307 | 88 | 67 |
| All India | 2545 | 914 | 92 | 101 | 3543 | 1253 | 134 | 107 | 5370 | 1948 | 196 | 113 | 5815 | 2883 | 188 | 65 | 5129 | 2918 | 233 | 80 |