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Chapter 3. Conservation and Movement of Vanilla Germplasm
Michel Roux-Cuvelier and Michel Grisoni
Importance of Plant Genetic Resources
Plant genetic resources are a major strategic challenge for all activities linked to agriculture and the agro-food industry, especially in the present context of climate change. Globally, since the 1950s, population increase and the development of intensive agriculture have contributed to a reduction in the diversity of plant species. Today, the protection of these resources is of vital importance in achieving sustainable food security for the populations.
From the 1970s, a number of initiatives were developed to safeguard the diversity of cultivated species. During 1971, the initiation of the CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) provided an initial response to the problem of the loss of genetic diversity for the major agricultural species. At present, 11 of the 15 CGIAR centers are responsible for maintaining international gene banks for the preservation and dissemination of the plant genetic resources that provide the basis of world food security (http://www.cgiar.org/index.html). More recently, initiatives aimed at securing collections of genetic resources have been launched. These include the creation of the OECD’s BRCs (Biological Resource Centres) or of the Global Crop Diversity Trust (http://www.croptrust.org/main/), that is behind operational projects such as the Svalbard Global Seed Vault that currently conserves almost 660 different genera and 3300 species from all continents (http://www.croptrust.org/ main/arctic.php?itemid=211).