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Chapter 13. Morphological, Chemical, Sensory, and Genetic Specificities of Tahitian Vanilla

Sandra Lepers-Andrzejewski, Christel Brunschwig, François-Xavier Collard, and Michel Dron

About the Origin of Vanilla

The Tahitian vanilla plant, which is cultivated in French Polynesia since the nineteenth century, was described for the first time as a new vanilla species in 1933 by J.W. Moore: Vanilla tahitensis. This particular form of vanilla plant, found on trees, in a valley of Faaroa Bay (Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia) is different from all the other cultivated vanilla forms known today. V. tahitensis differs from Vanilla planifolia G. Jacks. [syn. Vanilla fragrans (Salisbury) Ames] in particular by having more slender stems, narrower leaves, longer perianth segments, a lip that is shorter than the sepals, a longer column and shorter pods. For J.W. Moore, V. tahitensis is therefore a new vanilla species, endemical of French Polynesia.

However, the Vanilla genus, although amphitropical, is present as an indigenous species in the Pacific area only in Indonesia and Southeast Asia and is completely absent from the other Pacific islands except when cultivated (Florence and Guérin, 1996). Thus, its origin had to be searched among the various vanilla plants, which were introduced to French Polynesia.

There were at least three introductions of vanilla from various sources between 1848 and 1898 (Chevalier, 1946). The first one dates from 1848. Admiral Hamelin brought to Tahiti V. planifolia Andrews [syns. Vanilla aromatica Swartz and V. fra-grans (Salisbury) Ames] from Manila in the Philippines (Costantin and Bois, 1915; Bouriquet, 1954; Florence and Guérin, 1996). Henry in 1924 noted that some horticultural tests were carried out in Tahiti between 1847 and November 1849; however, no details were given, and he indicated that the vanilla plant brought by Admiral Hamelin in 1848 did flower and produce pods. The seeds of these pods or the horticultural tests could be at the origin of the Tahitian vanilla.