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20. Letter 21 Jun 41 Feldpostbriefe p68.

21. Pabst, H.: The Outermost Frontier; William Kimber, London, 1957; p11.

22. Interview Steh auf! es ist Krieg ZDF German TV 1991.

Chapter 2: ‘Ordinary men’ – The German soldier on the eve of ‘Barbarossa’

‘Endless pressure to participate’

1. Zeiser op cit p9. On joining the army 12 May 1941.

2. KGS 31 Jan 41 p34.

3. Interview Steh auf! es ist Krieg ZDF German TV 1991.

4. War of Extermination: Crimes of the Wehrmacht 1941–44; Exhibition Hamburg Institute for Social Research, 1995.

5. Interview. Der Verdammte Krieg ZDF German TV 1991.

6. Steinhoff, J., Pechel, P. and Showalter, D.: Deutsche im ZweitenWeltkrieg; Bastei- Lübbe Verlag, Gladbach, 1989; p718. Conclusion of a group of modern German historians.

7. Kuhnert, M.: ‘WillWe See Tomorrow?— A German Cavalryman at War 1939–42; Leo Cooper, 1993; p2.

8. For example the American experience of the Republic of South Vietnam during the Vietnam conflict.

9. Soldat p138.

10. Interview Die Zeit 3 Mar 95.

11. Soldat p138.

12. ‘Voices from the Third Reich’ p51.

13. Interview Die Zeit 3 Mar 95.

14. Stahlberg op cit p159–160.

15. Prüller, W. Diary of a German Soldier; Faber & Faber, 1963; p63.

‘Order and Duty’ and the Führer

1. Metelmann, H.: Through Hell for Hitler; Patrick Stephens, 1990; p14 and p19.

2. Interview Mein Krieg WDR German TV 1988.

3. Interview. Ibid.

4. Becker: pen name. Becker, H.: The Devil on my Shoulder; Jarrolds, 1955; p16–7.

5. Interview Mein Krieg WDR German TV 1988.

6. Ibid.

7. Metelmann op cit p21, p14 and p15.

8. Steinhoff, Pechel and Showalter op cit p35.

9. ‘Voices from the Third Reich’ p24.

10. Ibid p50.

11. Ibid p56.

12. Interview Georg Buchwald. Vol 5. Purnell’s History of the Second World War; p2000.

13. Steinhoff, Pechel and Showalter op cit p125–6.

14. Ibid p88.

15. Ibid p150.

16. Becker op cit p16–7.

17. ‘Wovon kann der Landser denn schon träumen— Urlaub und Urlaub–Maschen.’ Article Hanns–Karl Kubiak. Band 3. Der II. Weltkrieg 1976. p26–9.

‘Prepared… to face what is coming!’ The German Army June 1941

1. Fourth Army Assessment 28 June 1940. Lewis, S. J.: Forgotten Legions; Praeger Special studies, 1986; p106.

2. XXXVIII Korps Report Aug 10, 1940. Ibid p112.

3. Ibid p103.

4. Erfahrungsbericht Aug 18, 1940. Ibid p107.

5. AOK 4. Mar 20, 21, 1941. Ibid p132.

6. Ibid p64.

7. May 15, 1940.

8. OKW KTB Vol 1. p87, quoted Lewis p121.

9. Glantz op cit p398.

10. Lehmann, R.: The Leibstandarte – 1 SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler; Vol II, Fedorowicz Publishing, 1988; p277.

11. Hinze, R.: Hitze, Frost und Pulverdampf; Der Shicksalweg der 20. Panzer Division; Heinrich Pöppinghaus Verlag, 1981; p19.

12. Gareis, M.: Kampf und Ende – Der Frankisch–Sudetendeutschen 98. Infanterie–Division; Podzun–Pallas–Verlag, 1956; p78.

13. Ibid p80.

Chapter 3: The Soviet frontier

‘There was no information’

1. Suvorov, V.: ‘Who Was Planning to attack Whom in June 1941, Hitler or Stalin?’ R.U.S.I. Jun 85 p54.

2. Mackintosh, M.: ‘The Red Army Before Barbarossa’, Purnell’s History of the Second World War; Purnell; p654.

3. Quoted Suvorov p50.

4. Ibid p51.

5. The 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 24th, 28th, 16th and 22nd Armies. Ibid p51.

6. Ibid p52. Quoted from History of Kiev Military District, Moscow, 1974; p162.

7. Suvorov’s view, p83.

8. Subsequent interrogations of Soviet POWs appear to confirm this according to Volker Dietlef Heydorn in Der sowjetische Aufmarsch p79–80.

9. Heydorn op cit p83.

10. Glantz op cit p227.

11. Ibid p325.

12. Der Angriff auf die Sowjetunion; Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt in Freiburg; p327 (Henceforth referred to as Freiburg).

13. Ibid p320.

14. Hinze op cit p23–5.

15. Guderian, H.: Panzer Leader; Michael Joseph, 1952/70; p153.

16. Interview Steh auf! es ist Krieg ZDF German TV 1991.

‘We’ve never had such a situation… Will there be any instructions?’

1. Starinov, I. G.: Over the Abyss – My Life in Special Operations; Ivy Books NY, 1995; p165.

2. Interview Der Verdammte Krieg ZDF German TV 1991, additional material from Steh auf! es ist Krieg ZDF German TV 1991.

3. Starinov op cit p167–9.

4. Heydorn op cit p149.

5. Knopp op cit p27.

6. Purnell’s History of the SecondWorldWar p674–5. Popel’s personal account.

7. Interview Steh auf! es ist Krieg ZDF German TV 1991.

8. Heydorn op cit p178.

9. Danishevsky, I.: The Road of Battle and Glory; Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1964; p13.

10. Heydorn op cit p155.

11. Ibid, quoted p150.

12. Danishevsky op cit p14–5.

Chapter 4: H–Hour 0315

The River Bug… Brest–Litovsk

1. Habedanck, G.: ‘Bei Brest–Litovsk über die Grenze’, DieWehrmacht, 1941, p233.

2. Gschöpf, R.: MeinWeg mit der 45. Infanterie Division; Oberöstereichischer Landesverlag, 1955; p146–7.

3. Guderian op cit p146–7.

4. These were 125 Rifle Regiment to the NW, 333 Regiment in the Citadel, 84 Rifle Regiment in the SW and 44 and 455 Rifle Regiments from 42 Rifle Division. This section is based on Heydorn, op cit, p118 and 120–122 and Auswertung der alten Unterlagen aus dem Weltkrieg über die Festung Brest–Litovsk. AOC 4 Ic, 9 May 41.

5. Divisionsbefehl für den Angriff über den Bug. 45. Div. Op. Nr. 1/41. 16 Jun 41, and Heydorn, op cit, p161–3.

6. Interview with author 3 Oct 95.

7. Material extracted from Wechtler video history of 45th Division.

8. Gschöpf op cit p149.

9. Die Wehrmacht p233.

Air strike… First light