Britain. See United Kingdom
Browning, Christopher, 86
Burundi, 8–13, 24–25, 30, 32–34, 50–51, 61, 63, 64–65, 66–67, 69–70, 72–73, 76–77, 78, 91–92, 93, 98, 100, 103, 104, 105–106, 111–112, 118, 120, 136–137, 158, 159, 169
bush wives (men turned into), 41–42, 79, 81, 101–102, 107
Buss, Doris E., 19–20, 41
Butler, Christopher K., 64–65
Butler, Judith, 5, 36–37, 55–56, 98
Cambodia, 23–24, 138–139, 153–154
Card, Claudia, 19–20, 48–49
Care (NGO), 135
castration, 7, 21, 22–24, 26, 27–28, 29, 31, 32, 33–34, 35, 40–41, 42, 44–45, 47–48, 48–49, 54–55, 64–65, 84, 95–96, 98, 99, 104, 105, 112–113, 128, 156, 160–161, 164, 166
CEDAW. See Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women
Central African Republic, 24–25, 50, 53–54, 56–57, 69, 125–126, 132–133, 135
Centre for Constitutional Rights, 167
Centre for Torture Survivors, 136
Charlesworth, Hilary, 122–123
child soldiers, 7, 24–25, 97, 122–123
Chile, 1–2, 24–25
Chodorow, Nancy J., 46
Chynoweth, Sarah K., 124
civil war, 24, 27
Clark, Janine N., 98–99
Cockburn, Cynthia, 46
Cohen, Dara Key, 65, 66–67, 81, 86–87
Collins, Randall, 84
Colombia, 24–25, 160–161
colonialism, 54–59, 71, 73–74, 125–127
Commission Vérité et Réconciliation, Burundi, 155, 169
compensation hypothesis, 73–74, 107, 108–109, 110
Congo. See Democratic Republic of the Congo
Connell, Raewyn, 5, 54–55, 57
constructivism, 18–19
Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 163
Cornwall, Andrea, 37
Côte d’Ivoire, 133–134
Coulter, Chris, 69–70
counterinsurgency. See insurgency
Croatia, 9–10, 24, 31, 112–113, 128
Danish Refugee Council, 136
Darfur, 32
Del Zotto, Augusta, 22–23, 136–137
Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1–3, 8–10, 12–13, 17, 19–20, 22, 24–25, 27–28, 30–31, 31–32, 32–33, 50–51, 53–54, 55–56, 61–62, 63, 64–65, 69–70, 72–73, 75–76, 76–77, 78, 85, 91–92, 93–94, 98, 100, 103, 104, 106, 115, 116–117, 118, 123–124, 125–126, 132–133, 133–134, 146, 157, 158, 159, 160, 172–173
Detraz, Nicole, 3–4, 115–116, 121
displacement, 11, 26, 29–30, 39–40, 71, 103, 106, 120–121, 121–122, 123–124, 134–135, 157, 163, 174
Dolan, Chris, 20, 144–145, 149, 160, 161–162, 167–168
domestic/intimate partner violence, 7, 30–31, 68–69, 108–109, 133–134
Dowd, Nancy, 54–55
drugs, drug abuse, 77, 85, 101
Duroch, Françoise, 31–32, 140
Edström, Jerker, 109–110
El Salvador, 1–2, 9–10, 24–25, 26
endogamic violence, 4, 35–36, 52–53
Enloe, Cynthia, 8, 32, 39–40, 84, 123
Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 19–20, 73, 76, 83, 84, 85, 112–113, 159
essentialism, 18–19, 121, 123–124, 174
ethnic cleansing, 18, 29, 44–45, 128
ethnic conflict, 6–7, 13–14, 24, 27–28, 29–30, 42, 46–47, 47–48
ethnicity, 1, 3, 4, 5–6, 17, 18–19, 26, 27–30, 32, 35–36, 39, 42, 43–47, 50–51, 104, 105, 120–121, 123–124, 125–126, 128–129, 130, 147, 148–149, 163, 171, 174–175
Faligot, Roger, 74
Fanon, Franz, 57, 73–74
Feldman, Allen, 104
feminization, 1, 3–6, 18–19, 22–23, 29, 35–42, 44–50, 51, 52–56, 59, 73, 78, 97–98, 99, 101–102, 107, 108–109, 120, 127–130, 143, 171–172
First Step Cambodia, 138–139
forced actions:
circumcision, 22–23, 26, 165–166
bestiality, 26, 32, 40
fellatio, 24, 26, 161, 164
incest, 25–26, 31, 40, 53–54, 65–66, 95–96, 114, 118, 164
masturbation, 26–27
nudity, 26–27, 29, 31, 34, 47–48, 54, 65–66, 81
recruitment, 19–20, 30, 39–40, 61–62, 63–64, 66–67, 72, 80–81, 120–121, 174
former Soviet Union, 24–25
former Yugoslavia, 2–3, 24, 73, 85, 132–133, 138–139, 154, 161
France, French Army, 55–56, 56–57, 69
fraternity group, 45, 50–51
Freccero, Julie, 124
Freedom From Torture, 31–32, 136
gender performativity, 5, 36–37, 38, 40, 41–42, 49–50, 52–56, 59, 74–75, 78, 101–102, 108–109, 129, 171–172, 173
Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, 133–134
Geneva Conventions, 47–48, 162, 164, 167
genitals, beating of, 7, 21–22, 26–27, 29, 31, 33–34, 41–42, 44–45, 47–48, 65–66, 104–105, 160–161. See also castration
genocide, 8–9, 12–13, 23–24, 27, 28, 29–30, 32, 41, 42, 43, 46, 48–49, 65–66, 68, 75–76, 86, 91–92, 105, 153–154, 162, 164–165
Goldstein, Joshua S., 68, 99
Great Lakes region of Africa, 8–11, 12–15, 25–26, 31, 41–42, 43, 52–53, 72, 80–81, 84–85, 91–92, 93, 95–96, 105, 110, 111
Greece, 1–2, 22–23, 24–25, 32–33
Greening, Megan, 161
Guantánamo, 8–9, 26–27, 29–30, 55–56, 64–65, 73–74, 167
Guatemala, 24–25
guerrilla, 27
Hague Conventions, 162
Haiti, 69
Hampanda, Karen, 101
Hatzfeld, Jean, 86
hegemonic masculinity, 5, 37–38, 40–41, 45, 51, 55–57, 71, 72, 73–74, 88, 115–116, 127–128
Heineman, Elizabeth D., 126–127
heterosexual norms, 3, 13–14, 18–19, 22–23, 36–37, 38, 40, 44–45, 48, 50, 51, 54, 71, 76, 78, 98–99, 123–124, 129–130, 171, 172, 174–175
Higate, Paul, 56–57
Holocaust, 86
homosexuality, homophobia, 12–13, 22–23, 29–30, 35, 43–44, 44–45, 50–51, 55–56, 78, 98–99, 102, 106–107, 110, 112–113, 118, 119, 121–122, 129–130, 137–138, 144–145, 156–157, 161–162, 167–168. See also LGBTQI, sexual minorities
Houge, Anette Bringedal, 2–3
Human Rights Watch, 158
ICTR. See International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
impunity, 15–16, 49–50, 56–57, 83, 113, 147, 150–151, 153–154, 157–158, 159, 167
Institute for International Criminal Investigations, 133–134
insurgency, 6–7, 13–14, 47, 48, 110
International Criminal Court, 15–16, 162, 163–168, 169
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 15–16, 153–154, 162, 163–166
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ITCY), 15–16, 76–77, 153–154, 155–156, 162, 163–166, 167–168
International Medical Corps, 136
International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims, 136
International Rescue Committee, 25–26, 135
intersectionality, 1–2, 4, 5–6, 18–19, 29–30, 39, 103, 121, 125–126, 149, 171, 174
interstate conflict, 24, 27
intervention, 3–4, 6–7, 13–14, 53–57, 125–127
Iran, 24–25
Iraq, 8–9, 26–27, 55–56, 58, 64–65, 68, 70–71
Israel, 24–25, 55–56, 64–65, 69, 76–77
Istanbul Protocol, 142
ITCY. See International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
Jones, Adam, 22–23, 38, 136–137
Kashmir, 24–25, 29–30
Kenya, 24–25, 55–56, 141, 168
King, Kimi Lynn, 161
Kippenberg, Juliane, 160
Kirby, Paul, 19, 150–151
Kosovo, 24, 44
Kuwait, 24–25