Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, edited and translated by Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1971), p. 238.
G. V. Plekhanov, The Development of the Monist View of History (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1974).
Richard Sakwa, Communism in Russia: An Interpretive Essay (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 43-4.
Diane P. Koenker, Moscow Workers and the 1917 Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014).
For an excellent comparative analysis, see S. A. Smith, Revolution and the People in Russia and China: A Comparative History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
Diane P. Koenker, Republic of Labor: Russian Printers and Soviet Socialism, 1880-1930 (Cornell, New York: Cornell University Press, 2005).
Vera Broido, Lenin and the Mensheviks: The Persecution of Socialists under Bolshevism (Aldershot: Gower, 1987).
The Bolsheviks and the October Revolution: Central Committee Minutes of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks), August 1917 - February 1918 (London: Pluto Press, 1974), pp. 140-42.
Rosa Luxemburg, The Russian Revolution (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1961), p. 69.
Karl Kautsky, The Dictatorship of the Proletariat (Michigan: Ann Arbor Paperback, 1964), p. 6.
For an evaluation of the emergence of Soviet foreign policy, see Richard K. Debo, Revolution and Survivaclass="underline" The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia 1917-18 (Liverpooclass="underline" Liverpool University Press, 1979).
N. Osinskii, 'Stroitel'stvo sotsializma', Kommunist, no. 2, 1918, pp. 68-72, in Ronald Kowalski, The Russian Revolution, 1917-1921 (London: Routledge, 1997), p. 200.
'Sobranie upolnomochennykh fabric i zavodov petrograda k aprelyu 1918', a report in Den', no. 7, Petrograd, 1918, in Nezavisimoe rabochee dvizhenie v 1918 godu: Dokumenty i materialy (Paris: YMCA-Press, 1981), p. 94.
Timofei Sapronov, Devyataya konferentsiya RKP(b), sentyabr 1920 goda: Protokoly (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo politicheskoi literatura, 1972), pp. 156-61.
1918 Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, 10 July 1918, https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/constitution/1918/ article3.htm.
Michael E. Urban, More Power to the Soviets: The Democratic Revolution in the USSR (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1990).
N. Bukharin and E. Preobrazhensky, ABC of Communism, introduction by E. H. Carr (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1969), p. 118.
A. J. Polan, Lenin and the End of Politics (London: Methuen, 1984), p. 11.
Alfred Rosmer, Lenin's Moscow, translated by Ian H. Birchall (London: Pluto Press, 1971), p. 116.
Richard Sakwa, Soviet Communists in Power: A Study of Moscow During the Civil War, 1918-21 (London: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 231-2.
Kommunisticheskii Trud, 19 February 1921.
B. L. Dvinov, Moskovskii sovet rabochikh deputatov, 1917-1922: vospominaniya (New York: 1961), p. 108.
Alexandra Kollontai, The Workers' Opposition in Russia (London: Dreadnought Publishers, 1923), pp. 20-21.
PaulAvrich, Kronstadt 1921 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970).
Simon Pirani, The Russian Revolution in Retreat, 1920-24: Soviet Workers and the New Communist Elite (London and New York: Routledge, 2008).
R. V. Daniels, 'Stalin's Rise to Dictatorship', in Alexander Dallin and Alan Westin, eds, Politics in the Soviet Union (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1966).
For a discussion of alternatives, see Samuel Farber, Before Stalinism: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Democracy (London: Verso, 1990).
R. V. Daniels, The Conscience of the Revolution: Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969).
Richard Pipes, ed., The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998), afterword to the paperback version, p. 179.
Stephen F. Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888-1938 (New York: Vintage, 1975).
Stephen F. Cohen, Soviet Fates and Lost Alternatives: From Stalinism to the New Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009).
David W. Lovell, From Marx to Lenin: An Evaluation of Marx's Responsibility for Soviet Authoritarianism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. ix.
Lovell is sceptical about the possibility, From Marx to Lenin, p. 2.
Lovell, From Marx to Lenin, pp. 183-5.
For an exploration of this, see Jean L. Cohen, Civil Society and Political Theory (Boston, MA: MIT Press, 1994).
Leszek Kolakowski, 'The Myth of Human Self-Identity: Unity of Civil and Political Society in Socialist Thought', in Leszek Kolakowski and Stuart Hampshire, eds, The Socialist Idea (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974), p. 18.
Pirani, The Russian Revolution in Retreat, 1920-1924.
dramatis personae
Alexeev, Mikhail Vasilievich: General. Chief of Staff to Nicholas II from 1915. Advised Nicholas to abdicate February 1917. Served as Chief of Staff to Provisional Government. Arrested Kornilov on Kerensky's order. After October 1917 helped set up White army but died September 1918. Avdeev, Alexander Dmitrievich: Bolshevik. Commandant of the Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg during the detention of the imperial family.
Bogrov Dmitry Grigorievich: Anarchist revolutionary and police agent. Assassinated Pyotr Stolypin in Kiev, September 1911. Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir Dmitrievich: Leading Bolshevik. Personal secretary to Lenin after October 1917.
Botkin, Evgenii Sergeevich: Doctor to the imperial family. Assassinated with them, Ekaterinburg, July 1918.
Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich: Leading Bolshevik. Opposed treaty of Brest- Litovsk. Strongly backed NEP. Killed in Stalin's purges 1938.
Chernov, Viktor Mikhailovich: Leader of the Socialist revolutionaries. Member of the Duma. Minister in the Provisional Government. Chairman of the Constituent Assembly, and then leader of the anti-Bolshevik 'Komuch' in Samara. Died in exile.
Chkheidze, Nikolai Semyonovich: Leading Menshevik. President of the executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet through the revolution in 1917. After October fled Russia.
Denikin Anton Ivanovich: General. Led White forces in Southern Russia during civil war. After defeat went into exile.
Durnovo, Pyotr Nikolaevich: Tsarist era politician and Minister of Interior 1905-6. Effectively repressed disturbances after Bloody Sunday. Accurately predicted social revolution would follow Russian war with Germany. Dzerzhinsky, Felix Edmundovich: 'Iron Felix'. Polish by origin. Leading Bolshevik. Tasked by Lenin to establish the Cheka, December 1917. Headed the Bolshevik apparatus of terror from then until his death in 1926.
Gilliard, Pierre: Swiss tutor to the five children of Nicholas and Alexandra. Accompanied them into exile, but was not permitted to go on with them to Ekaterinburg.
Golitsyn, Nikolai Dmitrievich: Last Prime Minister of Imperial Russia, December 1916 to Feb 1917. Resigned following February revolution. Was then in and out of custody. Executed 1925.