3-4, 60
and Russia's move towards democracy 11 if Britain had been neutral 18 United States brought into the war
18-19, 23, 95, 108
impact of Leninist doctrine 101-3 Mesopotamia campaign 209 'Kerensky offensive' (July 1917) 102, 103 June Offensive (1917) 103 armistice between Germany and the
Allies 200-202, 213, 214, 215 if Germany had won 18, 26-8 Flakserman, Galina 130 Fleming, Peter 211 Flynn, Errol 191 forced labour 197
Foreign Office (British) 191, 212, 215 France
Constituent Assembly election (1848) 159 and importance of Russian power 15 Britain refuses to sign a military alliance
24
and a cordon sanitaire 201 Gaullist 161
economic blockade policy against Soviet
regime 202 anti-clericalism 256 Franco, General Francisco 257, 291 Frankfurter Zeitung 55 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke 17, 51, 52 Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria 61
Frederiks, Baron 36
French army: Chemin-des-Dames
mutinies (May 1917) 107 French empire 17 French government 96-7 French intelligence 112 French Revolution (1789-99) 2, 10, 13, 14,
16, 112n, 144, 165, 170, 203 French Royal Family 165 FSB 284
Fundamental Laws 84, 86, 145, 146 Article 87 (1906) 43
Galicia 21, 24, 98, 100, 102, 103, 107 Garsky, Viktor 181 Gatchina 70 George V, King 77, 164 George Mikhailovich, Count Brasov 84 Georgia 22, 296 German army 14, 15, 26, 201 General Staff 300 German high command 19, 107 German Empire 22, 23, 24 German Foreign Office 93, 103 German Imperial Government 93 German intelligence 102 Germany
and intervention in the 1905 Russian
Revolution 14 facilitates Lenin's return and fosters
Russian revolution 4, 25-6, 289, 300 'blank cheque' to Austria (5-6 July 1914)
17
growing antagonism between Germany
and Russia before 1914 18 growing detente with Britain by 1914 18 declares war on Russia (19 July 1914) 62 if Germany had won the First World
War 18, 26-8 opts for unrestricted submarine warfare (1916-17) 18 urgent need to win the war 22-3 atrocities in law infringements in First World War 25
empire-building in east-central Europe
19, 21-4
competition with Russia 19, 24 protection of Ukraine 20, 21 Weimar Constituent Assembly 159 reunification (1990) 19 Gestapo 194 Gilliard 168, 169 Gippius, Zinaida 125 Golitsin, Prince 70, 71, 72 Goloshchekin, Isai 171-2 Gorbachev, Mikhail 30, 195, 263, 264, 273,
281, 283, 293, 294, 296
Gorky, Maxim 132
Governor-General's Palace, Omsk, former 203
Gramsci, Antonio 265-6, 270, 281 'Great Patriotic War' 257 Great Terror (1936-8) 7 Greece 54
Grodno province 33, 34, 35 Guchkov, Alexander 45, 47, 67-8, 70, 77-82, 99-100, 107
Gulag, loss of lives in 178 Guseva, Khionya 48, 49-50, 51, 57, 61
H
Habsburg empire 17, 285-6 Habsburg monarchy 24, 25 Hamburger Fremdenblatt 60 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 10 Herald of Europe journal (Vestnik Evropy) 264
Hermogen (a patriarch) 166 Hermogen, Archbishop 166, 168, 169, 177 Herzen, Alexander 180 Higher Board of Church Management
245-6
Hitler, Adolf 28, 59, 162, 291 Hollweg, Chancellor Theobald von
Bethmann 93 Holy Land 55
Holy Name movement (Imyaslavtsy) 259 house churches 247, 251, 256 Howard, Leslie 191
Hugo, Victor: Quatre-vingt Treize 168 Hungary, Russian intervention in (1849) 16
Ignatieva, Countess Sophia 63 Ignatov, E. N. 275 Ignatov movement 262 Iliodor (Trufanov) 43, 47, 49 Imperial Guard: 'Bloody Sunday'
(9 January 1905) 2-3 Inca Empire 298 India 21-2
industrial production 222-3 Instruction on removal of religious images
from public buildings (1918) 249 intelligentsia
deeply disaffected 144, 294 and terrorism 144
spread of socialist and democratic ideas 2
battle between rival ideological
positions 11 socialist doctrines and revolutionary
socialist parties 14 conflict over Ukraine 20-21 alliance with the Kadets in Saratov 41 and local courts 42 ineffectuality of 159 flight abroad during Red Terror 196 hostility to coercive radicalism of
Bolsheviks 267 fanatical 300 'Internationale' 92, 213 internationalism 263, 267 Internationalists 137 Ioffe, Henrikh 212
Ipatiev house, Ekaterinburg 171, 172, 173,
175, 177
Iraq 21, 22 Ireland 17, 22 Irkutsk 209, 214 Islamists 287
Ispolkom see Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies: Executive Committee
Italy: adoption of an authoritarian regime 12
Ivan the Terrible 142, 292 Ivanchikov, chief of militia, Motovilikhi
Soviet 174 Ivanov, General Nikolai 72, 74 Ivanovo-Voznesentsk 126 Izvestia 120, 194
J
Jacobin Bolsheviks 167, 168 Jacobinism 266 Jacobins 203
Janin, General Maurice 211 Japan 209, 213, 296 Jaures, Jean 51 Jerusalem 55 Jews
conspiracy theory about Rasputin and
Franz Ferdinand 51 pogroms and mass exodus from Russia 180 Russian treatment ofJews in First World War 25
and Ukrainian independence 20 and German informal empire 24 and Stolypin 29, 37, 45 toleration for 44 Johnson, Brian 83, 174 July Days 4-5, 104-5, 106, 109, 110, 127-8,
131, 154, 159, 160, 289
K
Kadets see Constitutional Democrats Kaiserreich 25 Kalinin, Mikhail 131
Kamenev, Lev 94, 105, 127, 129-35, 139, 140,
262, 268, 269, 275-6 Kaplan, Fanny (Feyga Chaimovna Roitblat) background 180
becomes a Socialist Revolutionary 180 badly injured and imprisoned after
bomb plot 181, 185 meets Dmitry Ulanov while in a Crimean health clinic 181-2
eye operations 182
official story of her activities 182
intelligence gathering 184
and attempt to assassinate Lenin 6-7,
178, 179-80, 184, 195-9, 290 arrested and questioned 184-5, 186-7, 190
a possible scapegoat for others 185 and Lockhart 188, 190 execution 185, 190-91 disposal of her body 191 Kara-Murza, Sergei: Stolypin: Father of the Russian Revolution (re-issued as Stolypin's Mistake: The Prime Minister who overturned Russia) 31 Karev, I. A. 63-4 Kautsky, Karl 270, 281 Kazakhstan 236, 237 Kazan 172
Kazan cathedral, Petrograd 99 Kerensky, Alexander 107, 140-41, 290 dominant figure in the February
Revolution 73, 150 appointed justice minister 80 and Michael's abdication 82, 83, 84-5, 89 leads Social Revolutionaries 94-5 and 'peace without annexations'
declaration 98 minister of war 100-101 release of recently arrested Bolsheviks 5, 106
becomes prime minister 106 convinced of a military 'conspiracy' 109-110
leader of the Provisional Government 5, 165, 181, 207 appoints Kornilov head of the armed
forces 5, 110-111 retracts pledges to Kornilov 111 series of misunderstandings between him and Kornikov 5, 109, 112-22, 161, 288
dismisses Kornilov 5, 118-19 loss of army support for his government 5, 125
names a new cabinet (24 September 1917) 128 orders Lenin's arrest 129 and Lenin's impatience to seize power
134
arrest of his ministers 137, 139 military campaign in Petrograd and
Moscow 139 and the Constituent Assembly 161 and the Romanov family 165, 166 and All-Russian Constituent Assembly 206
'Kerensky offensive' (July 1917) 102, 103, 104
Kettle, Michael 214
KGB 156, 284, 298
Kharbin (Harbin) 209
Kharkov 182
Khorotkin, Urals General 176 Khrapovitsky, Antony, archbishop of
Volhynia 44 Khreshatitsky 176
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich 38, 198,
293
khutor(a) 40, 45 Khvostoff (ex-Minister) 192 Kienthal peace congress, Switzerland (1916) 92 Kiev, Ukraine 27
statue to Alexander II 32 nationalist movement 35 Russian royal visits 35-6 Kiev Cave Monasteries 255 Kiev Club of Russian Nationalists 35 Kiev Municipal Theatre, Ukraine: