White armies 'drive to Moscow' (1919) 221
pluralistic Bolshevism 263 differences between Moscow and
Petrograd 265-6 Mensheviks in 267 Lenin's mausoleum 284, 285 Dzerzhinsky statue 284-5, 298 Moscow Security Bureau (aka Okhrana) 65
Motovilikhi 174 Motovilikhi Soviet 174 Mount Athos 55
MRC see Military Revolutionary
Committee Mudros armistice (30 October 1918) 202 Munzenberg, Willi 92, 93 Murmansk 207 Muslims 56
Mussolini, Benito 30, 43, 291 muzhiks 95
Myachin, Commissar (Yakovlev) 170-71 Myasnikov, chairman of Motovilikhi Soviet 174
Nabokov, Vladimir 84, 85-6, 89, 90
Pnin 260 Napoleon Bonaparte 21, 112n Narishkin, Zizi 165 Narkomprod 227
Collegium of 232 Narodnaya Volya 144 nation-state 257, 267
National Centre (Natsionalnyi tsentr) 212 nationalism French 14 and radicalism 16
the dominant ideology of Russian
conservatism 16 nationalist anti-German frenzy (190614) 16, 147
Ukrainian 20, 21 European 21 German 24 Great Russian 29 civic 32 chauvinist 44
sharp resurgence of Russian nationalism 296
Nationalist Party 46 NATO 296
nauka ('science and scholarship') 260 Nazism, Nazis
rise stimulated by the Russian
Revolution 1, 59 and Wilhelmine Germany 25 and opening of churches 257 Russian defeat of Nazi invasion (1941)
293
Soviet Union's ideological hostility to 296
effective alliance with Soviet Union 296 Neilson, Lt Colonel 211-12 Nekrasov, Nikolai 83, 84, 85, 88 NEP see New Economic Policy neprimirimost ('implacability') 261 Nerchinsk labour camps, Siberia 181 Neva River 136 Nevsky, Prince Alexander 30 New Economic Policy (NEP) 8, 219-20, 221, 229, 231, 241, 242, 243, 257, 278-9, 281 New York Times 51 Nicholas I, Tsar 55, 255 Nicholas II, Tsar 292, 295-6, 297 and Alexander II 32 autocratic status 32, 46, 74, 78, 143, 145, 287
and 'Bloody Sunday' (9 January 1905)
2-3, 144-5
forced to accept the first Duma 3 grants a constitution (1905) 13 dissolves the first Duma (1906) 13 relationship with Stolypin 33-4, 35, 46-7 expectations of a loyalist peasantry 41 and Stolypin's assassination 36 meets Rasputin 50 Rasputin persuades him not to enter
First Balkan War 3, 54-6 Rasputin tries to stop him going to war
(1914) 3, 57-60
begs the Kaiser to stop Austria going to war 61-2
goes to war against Germany (1914) 62, 147
commands his troops (1915) 3-4, 60, 66,
148, 300 and Rasputin's murder 65 response to being told of February
Revolution 4, 69 response to Grand Duke Michael's
proposals 72 sends regiments to restore order 72, 74 train journey blocked by revolutionaries
72-3, 74
enforced abdication 4, 66, 68, 74-7, 84, 85, 90, 152, 164, 168, 169-70, 287, 300 tries to pass on the crown to Michael 4,
77-8, 87, 152, 164
second abdication manifesto 78-9, 86, 87 informs Michael that he is emperor 85 arrested 164 in Tsarskoe Selo 164 taken by train to Tobolsk 165-6 in Tobolsk 59, 163, 167, 168, 169 contemplates fleeing to the Whites 168 travels on Yakovlev's train towards
Moscow 170 held in Ekaterinburg 6, 171, 173-5 'Little Father' to his people 300-301 killed with his family by the Bolsheviks
(17 July 1918) 6 see also Romanov dynasty; Romanov family
Nikolaevsky General Staff College,
Ekaterinburg 171-2, 174, 176 Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke ('Uncle Nikolasha') 55, 76, 101
Nizhny Tagilsky factory 172 nizy (the masses) 274 nobility
Baltic landowning 15 and Stolypin 33
prevention of peasant democratisation
42
and Peter the Great 292 Nolde, Baron 86, 87, 89 nomenklatura 279 North America 21 North Korea 299 see also Korea Novaia zhizn newspaper 132 Novgorod the Great 142 Novodevich'e, Simbirsk province 226 Novoe Vremya newspaper 104 novomucheniki ('new martyrs') 260 Novorossiisk 202 Novosibirsk 220, 221 Nya Banken, Stockholm 103
O
Obnovlencheskoe ('Renovationist'
movement) 246 obrashchenie (manifesto) 208 obshchestvennost (educated society) 34 October Manifesto (1905) 13, 46 October Revolution 11, 121
secret Central Committee meeting (10 October 1917) orders preparation for armed uprising 130-31 intention to form a socialist coalition government 5, 124, 127, 137, 138, 140 Lenin bullies Bolsheviks into immediate takeover of power (25 October 1917)
5, 124
MRC as the leading organisational force 125
a coup d'etat in the midst of a social
revolution 126 and Provisional Government 134, 136,
154
assault on the Winter Palace 5, 136, 137, 167
Kerensky's ministers arrested 137 Mensheviks and SR delegates walk out
of Soviet Congress 137-8 military campaign against Kerensky's
forces 139 breakdown of Vikzhel talks 139-40 seizure of power splits social movement
in Russia 140, 182 Kaplan on 185 arrests of SRs 194
promise of bringing an end to the war 201
as a number of revolutions 266-7 fiftieth anniversary 284 Octobrists 41, 45, 46, 114 Odessa 202, 216 Okhrana Kiev 37 Moscow 65 Petrograd 70 Okopnaia Pravda 102-3 Old Believers 42, 45, 265 Omsk, central Siberia 169, 171, 176, 200, 214 Omsk coup 202-214 Bolshevik-dominated 'soviet' takes charge (30 November 1917) 205 power changes hands ( June 1918) 205 creation of Komuch 206 PA-RG based in Omsk 202-3 Kolchak arrives just before the coup 211 bloodless coup (17 November 1918) 203 PA-RG Council of Ministers meeting
203-4
Kolchak becomes supreme ruler 204 Ufa State Conference 206, 207 Allied involvement in Omsk 207 right-wing death squads in 208 British involvement 211-12 the known conspirators 212 'On the Recognition as CounterRevolutionary of All Attempts to Arrogate the Functions of Government' decree (1918) 249 one-party state model 291-2, 299 Oprichnina 292
Orenburg region 170
Orlov, Prince Nikolai Vladimirovich 59
Osinsky, N. 270, 271
otruba 40
Ottoman Empire 17, 21, 25, 54, 285, 286 Ottoman Straits 95, 96, 97
PA-RG see Provisional All-Russian
Government Palei, Princess 165 Paleologue, Maurice 63 pan-Slavism, pan-Slavists 56, 60 Pankratov, Commissar 166-7 Paris Commune/Communards 129, 274 partiinost (the 'Party spirit') 276 'Partisan Army' 236 Parvus-Helphand, Alexander Israel 93 patriotism 31, 64, 111, 257, 290, 294, 296, 300 Paul Alexandrovich, Grand Duke 165 Pavlov, Ivan 260
Pavlovich, Grand Duke Dimitri 67 'peace without annexations' declaration
(1917) 98, 100 Peasant Land Bank 34, 41 peasantry
Peter the Great makes the peasants serfs
143
emancipation of the serfs (1861) 32, 33,
34, 301
revolt of (1906) 13, 145 members of first Duma 146 determined to eliminate gentry
landowning 14 in Russian Civil War 7-8, 38 razvertska 7-8, 224, 227, 228, 229, 231,
232, 233, 239-42
in Ukraine 20
Stolypin's reforms 29, 34-5, 37-8, 40-42, 146
small-scale collectivist ideal 41 Nicholas II's expectations of their
loyalty 41 peasant court 42 peasant soldiers 126, 266
Lenin on 130 'dark people' 149, 287, 301 local Soviets 158 land seizures 158 see also kulaks Penza province 234 People's Army 206 'People's Insurgent Army' 237-8 Pepeliaev, V.n. 211, 212 perelom (transformation) 228 perestroika 263, 273, 278, 279, 283 Pereversev, Pavel 105 Perm 174
Petain, Philippe 107
Peter the Great 19, 20, 30, 32, 35, 37, 143, 292 Peters, Yakov 186-7, 192 Petersburg Gazette 56 Petrograd